Direct Energy, 2018a

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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categories of devices while thin borders indicate example types of devices. Again, this gure does not show a complete list of all possible devices or device categories, but it does illustrate relationships between some devices discussed in this chapter. Devices are usually designed to involve only one of these processes of absorption, spontaneous emission, or stimulated emission. However, it is possible for multiple of these processes to occur in a single device depending on how it is operated. For example, a semiconductor laser converts electricity to light by stimulated emission when current above the lasing threshold is supplied. If a weaker current is supplied, the device will act as an LED which converts electricity to light by spontaneous emission. If light shines on the device and the voltage across the device is measured, the same device acts as a photodetector which converts light to electricity by absorption. Similarly, photomultiplier tubes, gas discharge lamps, and gas lasers all involve tubes of gas with electrodes to supply or measure electricity. Like many energy conversion devices, these devices may convert electricity to light when operated in one direction and convert light to electricity when operated in reverse. 7.6 Problems 7.1. Identify whether the devices below operate based on spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, or absorption. • Light emitting diode • Gas discharge lamp • Argon ion laser • Solar panel • Semiconductor laser 7.2. Consider a blackbody radiator at a temperature of 6500 K. Use Matlab, or similar software, to answer this question. (a) Find the frequency which corresponds to peak spectral energy density per unit bandwidth. (b) Find the wavelength which corresponds to peak spectral energy density per unit bandwidth.
170 7.6 Problems (c) Find the value of the spectral energy density per unit bandwidth in J·s m 3 at the frequency found in part a. 7.3. A semiconductor laser which emits λ =500nm light has a length of 800 μm. The width is 12 μm, and the thickness is 5 μm. How many wavelengths long is the device in the longitudinal direction? How many wavelengths long is the device in each transverse direction? 7.4. Assume a semiconductor laser has a length of 800 μm. Laser emission can occur when the cavity length is equal to an integer number of half wavelengths. What wavelengths in the range 650 nm
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
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30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
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36 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Herman
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38 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Figure
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40 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices c a β
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42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
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44 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices made m
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46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
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48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
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52 2.4 Problems 2.16. The gure belo
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54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
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62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
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64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
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68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
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70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
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74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
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80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
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82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
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84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
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86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
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88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
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90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
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92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
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98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
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100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
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102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
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104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
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Page 129 and 130: 118 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 131 and 132: 120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134: 122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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Page 137 and 138: 126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
Page 139 and 140: 128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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Page 143 and 144: 132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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Page 148 and 149: 6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
Page 150 and 151: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
Page 152 and 153: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
Page 154 and 155: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
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Page 160 and 161: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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Page 164 and 165: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
Page 166 and 167: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
Page 168 and 169: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
Page 170 and 171: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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Page 178 and 179: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
Page 182 and 183: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
Page 184 and 185: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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Page 198 and 199: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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Page 204 and 205: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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Page 227 and 228: 216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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220 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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222 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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About the Book Direct Energy Conver
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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