Direct Energy, 2018a

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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas Devices Photomultiplier tubes Gas Discharge Lamps Arc Lamps Neon Advertising Signs Glow Discharge Lamps Sodium Vapor Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Gas Lasers Argon Ion Lasers Helium Neon Lasers Carbon Dioxide Lasers Solid State Devices Solid State Lasers Ruby Lasers Ti:Sapph Lasers Nd:YAG Lasers Er doped Fiber Amplifiers Semiconductor Devices Solar Cells Photodiodes and Phototransistors Conductor Based Devices LEDs Semiconductor Lasers Edge Emitters VCSELs Incandescent Lamps = Gaseous Active Material = Semiconducting Active Material = Solid State Active Material = Conductive Active Material = Other, Multiple = Absorption Antennas Antennas = Spontaneous emission = Stimulated emission Figure 7.11: Devices which convert between electricityand light can be classied based on the type of active material. Thick borders indicate categories of devices while thin borders indicate example types of devices.
168 7.5 Relationship Between Devices Scientists have come up with a wide variety of devices that convert between electricity and light,and they have come up with a wide variety of applications for these devices. Covering all such devices and all their applications is beyond the scope of this text. However,this chapter has shown some of the variety of devices. One way to classify devices which convert between electricity and light is to group them into categories based on whether they primarily involve absorption,spontaneous emission,or stimulated emission. Figure 7.10 illustrates how to classify many of the devices discussed in this chapter in this way. Ovals indicate absorption, rounded rectangles indicate spontaneous emission,and rectangles indicate stimulated emission. In the gure,thick borders indicate categories of devices while thin borders indicate example types of devices. Dotted lines indicate devices with gaseous active materials,dashed lines indicate semiconducting active materials,mixed dotted and dashed lines indicate solid state active materials,widely spaced dotted lines indicate conductive active materials,and solid lines indicate mixed or other active materials. This diagram is far from complete because many other categories of devices exist,and these categories may be broken into further subcategories. Furthermore,only a handful of example devices are shown relating to some of the specic devices discussed above. This diagram includes absorption based devices discussed in Chapter 6. It also includes antennas discussed in Chapter 4. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with frequencies in the visible range. Light can be absorbed by a solar cell and spontaneously emitted by an LED,for example. Similarly,electromagnetic waves at longer wavelengths can be absorbed or spontaneously emitted by antennas which are devices with conductive active materials. A dierent way of classifying devices which convert between electricity and light is to classify them based on the type of active material. All of these devices involve the interaction of light and atoms. The atoms involved may be part of a gas,may be dopants inside an insulating solid,may be part of a bulk semiconductor material,or may be part of a conductive solid. This way of classifying devices is illustrated in the Fig. 7.11. Dotted lines indicate devices with gaseous active materials,dashed lines indicate semiconducting active materials,mixed dotted and dashed lines indicate solid state active materials,widely spaced dotted lines indicate conductive active materials,and solid lines indicate mixed or other active materials. As in the previous gure,ovals indicate absorption,rounded rectangles indicate spontaneous emission,and rectangles indicate stimulated emission. Antennas are shown twice in the conductor based devices category because receiving antennas involve absorption while transmitting antennas involve spontaneous emission. Also as in the previous gure,thick borders indicate
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
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30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
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36 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Herman
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38 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Figure
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40 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices c a β
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42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
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44 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices made m
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46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
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48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
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52 2.4 Problems 2.16. The gure belo
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54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
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62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
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64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
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68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
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70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
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74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
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80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
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82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
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84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
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86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
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88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
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90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
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92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
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98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
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100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
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102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
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104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
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Page 127 and 128: 116 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
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Page 131 and 132: 120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134: 122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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Page 148 and 149: 6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
Page 150 and 151: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
Page 152 and 153: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
Page 154 and 155: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
Page 156 and 157: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
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Page 160 and 161: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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Page 164 and 165: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
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Page 182 and 183: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
Page 184 and 185: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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Page 204 and 205: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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218 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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