Direct Energy, 2018a

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in Isolated Atoms and in Semiconductors106 6.3.3 Denitions of Conductors, Dielectrics, and Semiconductors .........................114 6.3.4 Why Are Solar Cells and Photodetectors Made from Semiconductors? ....................115 6.3.5 Electron Energy Distribution .............117 6.4 Crystallography Revisited ...................119 6.4.1 Real Space and Reciprocal Space ...........119 6.4.2 E versus k Diagrams . . . ...............120 6.5 Pn Junctions ..........................122 6.6 Solar Cells ............................127 6.6.1 Solar Cell Eciency ..................127 6.6.2 Solar Cell Technologies .................129 6.6.3 Solar Cell Systems ...................130 6.7 Photodetectors .........................132 6.7.1 Types of Photodetectors . . ..............132 6.7.2 Measures of Photodetectors ..............134 6.8 Problems .............................136 7 Lamps, LEDs, and Lasers 139 7.1 Introduction ...........................139 7.2 Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission . . 139 7.2.1 Absorption .......................139 7.2.2 Spontaneous Emission .................140 7.2.3 Stimulated Emission ..................142 7.2.4 Rate Equations and Einstein Coecients .......143 7.3 Devices Involving Spontaneous Emission ...........147 7.3.1 Incandescent Lamps ..................147 7.3.2 Gas Discharge Lamps . .................148 7.3.3 LEDs ..........................150 7.4 Devices Involving Stimulated Emission ............152 7.4.1 Introduction .......................152 7.4.2 Laser Components ...................153 7.4.3 Laser Eciency .....................157 7.4.4 Laser Bandwidth ....................159 7.4.5 Laser Types .......................161 7.4.6 Optical Ampliers ...................165 7.5 Relationship Between Devices .................165 7.6 Problems .............................169
iv CONTENTS 8 Thermoelectrics 173 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.2 Thermodynamic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.3 Bulk Modulus and Related Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8.4 IdealGas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.5 First Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8.6 Thermoelectric Eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.6.1 Three Related Eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.6.2 Electrical Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.6.3 ThermalConductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.6.4 Figure of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 8.7 Thermoelectric Eciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.7.1 Carnot Eciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.7.2 Other Factors That Aect Eciency . . . . . . . . . 191 8.8 Applications of Thermoelectrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 8.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 9 Batteries and Fuel Cells 201 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 9.2 Measures of the Ability of Charges to Flow . . . . . . . . . 202 9.2.1 Electrical Conductivity, Fermi Energy Level, and Energy Gap Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9.2.2 Mulliken Electronegativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9.2.3 ChemicalPotentialand Electronegativity . . . . . . 205 9.2.4 ChemicalHardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9.2.5 Redox Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9.2.6 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries and Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . 211 9.3.1 Battery Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 9.3.2 Charge Flow in a Discharging Battery . . . . . . . . 212 9.3.3 Charge Flow in a Charging Battery . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.3.4 Charge Flow in Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 9.4 Measures of Batteries and Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 9.4.1 Cell Voltage, Specic Energy, and Related Measures 216 9.4.2 PracticalVoltage and Eciency . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9.5 Battery Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9.5.1 Battery Variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9.5.2 Lead Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9.5.3 Al kal ine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9.5.4 NickelMetalHydride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 9.5.5 Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Page 2 and 3: Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
Page 10: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 13 and 14: 2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
Page 15 and 16: 4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
Page 17 and 18: 6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
Page 19 and 20: 8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
Page 21 and 22: 10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
Page 23 and 24: 12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
Page 25 and 26: 14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
Page 27 and 28: 16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
Page 29 and 30: 18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
Page 31 and 32: 20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
Page 33 and 34: 22 1.7 Problems
Page 35 and 36: 24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
Page 37 and 38: 26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
Page 39 and 40: 28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
Page 41 and 42: 30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
Page 43 and 44: 32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
Page 45 and 46: 34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
Page 47 and 48: 36 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Herman
Page 49 and 50: 38 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Figure
Page 51 and 52: 40 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices c a β
Page 53 and 54: 42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
Page 55 and 56: 44 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices made m
Page 57 and 58:
46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
Page 59 and 60:
48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
Page 61 and 62:
50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
Page 63 and 64:
52 2.4 Problems 2.16. The gure belo
Page 65 and 66:
54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
Page 67 and 68:
56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
Page 69 and 70:
58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
Page 71 and 72:
60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
Page 73 and 74:
62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
Page 75 and 76:
64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
Page 77 and 78:
66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
Page 79 and 80:
68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
Page 81 and 82:
70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
Page 83 and 84:
72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
Page 85 and 86:
74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
Page 87 and 88:
76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
Page 89 and 90:
78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
Page 91 and 92:
80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
Page 93 and 94:
82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
Page 95 and 96:
84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
Page 97 and 98:
86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
Page 99 and 100:
88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
Page 101 and 102:
90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
Page 103 and 104:
92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
Page 105 and 106:
94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
Page 107 and 108:
96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
Page 109 and 110:
98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
Page 111 and 112:
100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
Page 113 and 114:
102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
Page 115 and 116:
104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134:
122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
Page 135 and 136:
124 6.5 Pn Junctions an excess of n
Page 137 and 138:
126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
Page 139 and 140:
128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
Page 141 and 142:
130 6.6 Solar Cells dot based mater
Page 143 and 144:
132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
Page 145:
134 6.7 Photodetectors 6.7.2 Measur
Page 148 and 149:
6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
Page 150 and 151:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
Page 152 and 153:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
Page 154 and 155:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
Page 156 and 157:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
Page 158 and 159:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
Page 160 and 161:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
Page 162 and 163:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
Page 164 and 165:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
Page 166 and 167:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
Page 168 and 169:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
Page 170 and 171:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
Page 172 and 173:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
Page 174 and 175:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
Page 176 and 177:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
Page 178 and 179:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
Page 180 and 181:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
Page 182 and 183:
7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
Page 184 and 185:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
Page 186 and 187:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
Page 188 and 189:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
Page 190 and 191:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
Page 192 and 193:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
Page 194 and 195:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
Page 196 and 197:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
Page 198 and 199:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
Page 200 and 201:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
Page 202 and 203:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
Page 204 and 205:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
Page 206 and 207:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
Page 208 and 209:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
Page 210:
8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
Page 213 and 214:
202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
Page 225 and 226:
214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
Page 227 and 228:
216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
Page 237 and 238:
226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
Page 239 and 240:
228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
Page 241 and 242:
230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
Page 243 and 244:
232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
Page 245 and 246:
234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
Page 247 and 248:
236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
Page 249 and 250:
238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
Page 251 and 252:
240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
Page 253 and 254:
242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
Page 255 and 256:
244 10.6 Electrouidics
Page 257 and 258:
246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
Page 259 and 260:
248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
Page 261 and 262:
250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
Page 263 and 264:
252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
Page 265 and 266:
254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
Page 267 and 268:
256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
Page 269 and 270:
258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
Page 271 and 272:
260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
Page 273 and 274:
262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
Page 275 and 276:
264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
Page 277 and 278:
266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
Page 279 and 280:
268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
Page 281 and 282:
270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
Page 295 and 296:
284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
Page 297 and 298:
286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
Page 299 and 300:
288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
Page 301 and 302:
290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
Page 303 and 304:
292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
Page 305 and 306:
294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
Page 307 and 308:
296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
Page 319 and 320:
308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
Page 321 and 322:
310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
Page 323 and 324:
312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
Page 325 and 326:
314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
Page 327 and 328:
316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
Page 343 and 344:
332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
Page 345 and 346:
334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
Page 347 and 348:
336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
Page 349 and 350:
338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
Page 351 and 352:
340 14.7 Problems
Page 353 and 354:
342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
Page 363 and 364:
352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
Page 365 and 366:
354 Appendices Material or Device S
Page 367 and 368:
356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
Page 369 and 370:
358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
Page 371 and 372:
360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
Page 373 and 374:
362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
Page 375 and 376:
364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
Page 377 and 378:
366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
Page 379 and 380:
368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
Page 381 and 382:
Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
Page 383 and 384:
372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
Page 385:
About the Book Direct Energy Conver
show all

Direct Energy, 2018a

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?