Direct Energy, 2018a

CONTENTS
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Contents
Contents
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1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is Direct Energy Conversion? .............. 1
1.2 Preview of Topics ........................ 2
1.3 Conservation of Energy .................... 9
1.4Measures of Power and Energy ................ 10
1.5 Properties of Materials ..................... 12
1.5.1 Macroscopic Properties ................ 12
1.5.2 Microscopic Properties ................. 13
1.6 Electromagnetic Waves ..................... 15
1.6.1 Maxwell's Equations .................. 15
1.6.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Free Space ......... 17
1.6.3 Electromagnetic Waves in Materials ......... 18
1.7 Problems ............................ 21
I Survey of Energy Conversion Devices 23
2 Capacitors and Piezoelectric Devices 23
2.1 Introduction ........................... 23
2.2 Capacitors ............................ 24
2.2.1 Material Polarization ................. 24
2.2.2 Energy Storage in Capacitors ............. 24
2.2.3 Permittivity and Related Measures .......... 26
2.2.4Capacitor Properties .................. 28
2.3 Piezoelectric Devices ...................... 31
2.3.1 Piezoelectric Strain Constant ............. 32
2.3.2 Piezoelectricity in Crystalline Materials ....... 33
2.3.3 Piezoelectricity in Amorphous and Polycrystalline Materials
and Ferroelectricity ............... 41
2.3.4Materials Used to Make Piezoelectric Devices .... 43
2.3.5 Applications of Piezoelectricity ............ 44
2.4Problems ............................ 47
3 Pyroelectrics and Electro-Optics 53
3.1 Introduction ........................... 53
3.2 Pyroelectricity .......................... 53
3.2.1 Pyroelectricity in Crystalline Materials ........ 53