Direct Energy, 2018a

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1 INTRODUCTION 7 Device Piezoelectric Device Forms of Energy Electricity ↕ Mechanical Energy Pyroelectric Device Capacitor Electricity ↕ Heat Electro-optic Device Capacitor Optical Energy ↕ Material Polarization Antenna Inductor Electricity ↕ Electromagnetic Hall Eect Device Inductor Electricity ↕ Magnetic Energy Similar to Component Capacitor Magnetohydrodynamic Device Inductor Electricity ↕ Magnetic Energy Solar Cell Diode Optical Energy ↓ Electricity LED, Laser Diode Electricity ↓ Optical Energy Thermoelectric Device Diode Electricity ↕ Heat Geiger Counter Diode Radiation ↓ Electricity Resistance Temp. Detector Resistor Heat ↓ Electricity Potentiometer Resistor Electricity ↓ Heat Strain Gauge Resistor Mechanical Energy ↓ Electricity Discussed Section 2.3 3 3.3 4 5 5.3 6 7 8.8 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.5 Table 1.2: Variety of energy conversion devices.
8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic device converts kinetic energy of a conducting material in the presence of a magnetic eld into electricity. Optical devices are discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. These chapters discuss devices made from diode-like pn junctions such as solar cells, LEDs, and semiconductor lasers as well as other types of devices such as incandescent lamps and gas lasers. Thermoelectric devices convert a temperature dierential into electricity [3, p. 146]. They are also made from junctions of materials in which heat and charges ow at dierent rates, and they are discussed in Chapter 8. Batteries and fuel cells are discussed in Chapter 9. A battery is a device which stores energy as a chemical potential. Batteries range in size from tiny hearing aid button sized batteries which store tens of milliamp-hours of charge to large car batteries which can store 10,000 times as much energy. A fuel cell is a device which converts chemical energy to electrical energy through the oxidation of a fuel [3]. During battery operation, the electrodes are consumed, and during fuel cell operation, the fuel and oxidizer are consumed instead. A variety of resistor-like energy conversion devices, among other devices, are discussed briey in Chapter 10. Chapters 11 - 14 comprise the second part of this book. These chapters are more theoretical, and they establish a mathematical framework for understanding energy conversion. This mathematics allows relationships to be studied between energy conversion devices built by electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, chemists, and scientists of other disciplines. Chapters 11 and 12 introduce the idea of calculus of variations and apply it to a wide variety of energy conversion processes. Chapter 13 applies the idea of calculus of variations to energy conversion within an individual atom. Chapter 14 shows how a study of the symmetries of the equations produced from calculus of variations can provide further insights into energy conversion processes.
Page 2 and 3: Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
Page 10: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 13 and 14: 2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
Page 15 and 16: 4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
Page 17: 6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
Page 21 and 22: 10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
Page 23 and 24: 12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
Page 25 and 26: 14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
Page 27 and 28: 16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
Page 29 and 30: 18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
Page 31 and 32: 20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
Page 33 and 34: 22 1.7 Problems
Page 35 and 36: 24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
Page 37 and 38: 26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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Page 41 and 42: 30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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Page 59 and 60: 48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
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62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
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64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
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68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
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70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
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74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
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80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
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82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
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84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
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86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
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88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
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90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
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92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
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98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
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100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
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102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
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104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
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120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
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122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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124 6.5 Pn Junctions an excess of n
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126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
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128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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130 6.6 Solar Cells dot based mater
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132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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134 6.7 Photodetectors 6.7.2 Measur
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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
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202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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