Direct Energy, 2018a

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4 ANTENNAS 79 Equation 4.9 is known as the Friis equation [55]. Received power will be less than given by Eq. 4.3 or 4.9 due to losses in the air or other material through which the signal travels and due to a dierence in electromagnetic polarization between the transmitter and receiver [49, p. 4]. <strong>Direct</strong>ivity is a rough measure of an antenna. A more accurate measure is a radiation pattern plot. The radiation pattern plot is a graphical representation of intensity of radiation with respect to position throughout space. A radiation pattern plot may be a 3D plot or a pair of 2D plots. In the case where two 2D plots are used, one of the plots is an azimuth plot and the other is an elevation plot. The azimuth plot shows a horizontal slice of the 3D radiation pattern, parallel to the xy plane. The elevation plot shows a vertical slice, perpendicular to the xy plane. Most radiation pattern plots, including all shown in this text, are labeled by the amplitude of the electric eld [15] [56]. However, occasionally they are labeled by the amplitude of the power instead. The radiation pattern of an antenna is quite dierent in the near eld, at a distance less than about a wavelength, and in the far eld, with distances much greater than a wavelength. Radiation pattern plots illustrate the far eld behavior only. Figure 4.3 shows the radiation pattern plot for a half-wave dipole antenna in free space, and it was plotted using the software EZNEC [56]. The acronym NEC stands for NumericalElectromagnetics Code. The gure in the upper left is the azimuth plot, the gure in the upper right is the elevation plot, the gure in the lower left is a 3D radiation pattern plot, and the gure in the lower right is the antenna layout. Figure 4.4 shows the radiation pattern plots for a 15-meter quad antenna. Distinct lobes and nulls are apparent. Front to back ratio (F/B ratio) is a measure related to directivity that can be found from the azimuth radiation pattern plot. By denition, it is the ratio of the strength of the power radiated in the front to the back. Often, the front direction is chosen to be the direction of largest magnitude in the radiation pattern plot, and the back direction is the opposite direction. F/B ratio can be specied either on a log scale in units of dB or on a linear scale which is unitless. It can also be dened either as a ratio of the strength of the electric eld intensities or as a ratio of the strengths of the powers, but most often power is used. F/B ratio= [ Pfront P back ]dB =10log 10 [ Pfront P back ]lin ⎡ ∣ −→ ∣ ∣∣ ⎤ E front =20log 10 ⎣ ∣ −→ ∣ ⎦ ∣∣ E back lin (4.11)
80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azimuth y Elevation z x x 3D Plot Antenna Layout Figure 4.3: Radiation pattern plots for a half-wave dipole antenna. Azimuth y Elevation z x x 3D Plot Antenna Layout Figure 4.4: Radiation pattern plots for a 15-meter quad antenna.
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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Page 41 and 42: 30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
Page 43 and 44: 32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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Page 53 and 54: 42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
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Page 57 and 58: 46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
Page 59 and 60: 48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
Page 61 and 62: 50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
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Page 65 and 66: 54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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Page 73 and 74: 62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
Page 75 and 76: 64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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Page 79 and 80: 68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
Page 81 and 82: 70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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Page 85 and 86: 74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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Page 95 and 96: 84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
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Page 103 and 104: 92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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Page 107 and 108: 96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
Page 109 and 110: 98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
Page 111 and 112: 100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
Page 113 and 114: 102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
Page 115 and 116: 104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 131 and 132: 120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134: 122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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Page 137 and 138: 126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
Page 139 and 140: 128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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130 6.6 Solar Cells dot based mater
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132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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134 6.7 Photodetectors 6.7.2 Measur
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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
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202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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About the Book Direct Energy Conver
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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