Direct Energy, 2018a

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CONTENTS
3.2.2 Pyroelectricity in Amorphous and Polycrystalline Materials
and Ferroelectricity ............... 55
3.2.3 Materials and Applications ofPyroelectric Devices . 55
3.3 Electro-Optics ......................... 56
3.3.1 Electro-Optic Coecients ............... 56
3.3.2 Electro-Optic Eect in Crystalline Materials ..... 59
3.3.3 Electro-Optic Eect in Amorphous and Polycrystalline
Materials ........................ 60
3.3.4 Applications ofElectro-Optics ............. 60
3.4 Notation Quagmire ....................... 61
3.5 Problems ............................. 64
4 Antennas 67
4.1 Introduction .......................... 67
4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ................... 69
4.2.1 Superposition ...................... 69
4.2.2 Reciprocity ....................... 69
4.2.3 Near Field and Far Field ................ 72
4.2.4 Environmental Eects on Antennas .......... 72
4.3 Antenna Components and Denitions ............ 73
4.4 Antenna Characteristics .................... 75
4.4.1 Frequency and Bandwidth ............... 75
4.4.2 Impedance ........................ 77
4.4.3 Directivity ........................ 78
4.4.4 Electromagnetic Polarization ............. 82
4.4.5 Other Antenna Considerations ............. 85
4.5 Problems ............................. 86
5 Hall Eect 91
5.1 Introduction ........................... 91
5.2 Physics ofthe Hall Eect .................... 91
5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics .................... 96
5.4 Quantum Hall Eect . . .................... 97
5.5 Applications ofHall Eect Devices .............. 98
5.6 Problems ............................100
6 Photovoltaics 101
6.1 Introduction ...........................101
6.2 The Wave and Particle Natures ofLight ...........101
6.3 Semiconductors and Energy Level Diagrams .........104
6.3.1 Semiconductor Denitions ...............104