Direct Energy, 2018a

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9 BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 233 Figure 9.10: The picture on the left shows a proton exchange membrane fuelce l. The gure on the right is an image of the water formed in it during operation. The image was obtained by the neutron radiography method at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. These gures are used with permission [150].
234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1. A 50 liter solution contains 8 · 10 19 H + ions. Calculate the pH. Is this solution acidic or basic? 9.2. A bottle contains 3 liters ofa chemical solution with a pH of8. (a) Does the bottle contain an acid or a base? (b) Approximately how many H + ions are in the bottle? (c) Would a 3 liter bottle with a pH of9 contain more or less ions ofH + than the bottle with a pH of8? (d) How many times as many/few H + ions are in the bottle with solution ofpH 8 than in the bottle with solution ofpH 9? 9.3. Consider a battery with a lithium electrode and a silver chloride (AgCl) electrode. Assume the following chemical reactions occur in the battery, and the redox potential for each reaction is shown. AgCl + e − → Ag + Cl − V rp =0.22 V Li → Li + + e − V rp =3.04 V (a) Which reaction is likely to occur at the cathode, and which reaction is likely to occur at the anode? Justify your answer. (b) What is the overall theoretical cell voltage? (c) Ifthe battery is connected to a 1 kΩ load, approximately what is the power delivered to that load? 9.4. Suppose the chemical reactions and corresponding redox potentials in a battery are given by [137]: Li → Li + + e − V rp =3.04 V S+2e − → S 2− V rp = −0.57 V (a) Find the overall theoretical specic capacity ofthe battery in C g . (b) Find the overall theoretical specic energy ofthe battery in J g . (c) Which material, lithium or sulfur, gets oxidized, and which material gets reduced?
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
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30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
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36 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Herman
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38 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Figure
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40 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices c a β
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42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
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44 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices made m
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46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
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48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
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52 2.4 Problems 2.16. The gure belo
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54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
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62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
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64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
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68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
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70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
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74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
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80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
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82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
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84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
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86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
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88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
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90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
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92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
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98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
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100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
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102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
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104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
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120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
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122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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124 6.5 Pn Junctions an excess of n
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126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
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128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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130 6.6 Solar Cells dot based mater
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132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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134 6.7 Photodetectors 6.7.2 Measur
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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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Page 196 and 197: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
Page 198 and 199: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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Page 204 and 205: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
Page 206 and 207: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
Page 208 and 209: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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Page 213 and 214: 202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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Page 227 and 228: 216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
Page 235 and 236: 224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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Page 239 and 240: 228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
Page 241 and 242: 230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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Page 247 and 248: 236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
Page 249 and 250: 238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
Page 251 and 252: 240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
Page 253 and 254: 242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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Page 257 and 258: 246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
Page 259 and 260: 248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
Page 261 and 262: 250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
Page 263 and 264: 252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
Page 265 and 266: 254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
Page 267 and 268: 256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
Page 269 and 270: 258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
Page 271 and 272: 260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
Page 273 and 274: 262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
Page 275 and 276: 264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
Page 277 and 278: 266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
Page 279 and 280: 268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
Page 281 and 282: 270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
Page 287 and 288: 276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
Page 293 and 294: 282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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About the Book Direct Energy Conver
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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