Direct Energy, 2018a

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1 INTRODUCTION 5 Process Piezoelectricity Pyroelectricity Electro-optic Eect Electromagnetic Transmission and Reception Hall Eect Magnetohydrodynamic Eect Absorption Forms of Energy Electricity ↕ Mechanical Energy Electricity ↕ Heat Optical Electromagnetic Energy ↕ Material Polarization Electricity ↕ Electromagnetic Energy Electricity ↕ Magnetic Energy Electricity ↕ Magnetic Energy Optical Electromagnetic Energy ↓ Electricity Example Devices Piezoelectric Vibration Sensor, Electret Microphone Pyroelectric Infrared Detector Controllable Optics, Liquid Crystal Displays Discussed in Section 2.3 3 Antenna 4 Hall Eect Device Magnetohydrodynamic Device Solar cell, Semiconductor Optical Photodetector 3.3 5 5.3 6 Table 1.1: Variety of energy conversion processes.
6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spontaneous Emission Stimulated Emission Thermoelectric Eects (Incl. Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson) (Battery or Fuel Cell) Discharging (Battery or Fuel Cell) Charging Thermionic Emission Electrohydrodynamic Eect Forms of Energy Electricity ↓ Optical Electromagnetic Energy Electricity ↓ Optical Electromagnetic Energy Electricity ↕ Heat Chemical Energy ↓ Electricity Electricity ↓ Chemical Energy Heat ↓ Electricity Electricity ↕ Fluid ow Example Devices Lamp, LED 7.3 Laser, Optical Amplier Thermoelectric cooler, Peltier device, Thermocouple Battery, Fuel Cell Battery, Fuel Cell Thermionic Device Microuidic Pump, Valve Discussed in Section 7.4 8.8 9 9 10.2 10.6 Table 1.1 continued: Variety of energy conversion processes.
Page 2 and 3: Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
Page 10: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 13 and 14: 2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
Page 15: 4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
Page 19 and 20: 8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
Page 21 and 22: 10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
Page 23 and 24: 12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
Page 25 and 26: 14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
Page 27 and 28: 16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
Page 29 and 30: 18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
Page 31 and 32: 20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
Page 33 and 34: 22 1.7 Problems
Page 35 and 36: 24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
Page 37 and 38: 26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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Page 41 and 42: 30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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Page 57 and 58: 46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
Page 59 and 60: 48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
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62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
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64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
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68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
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70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
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74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
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80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
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82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
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84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
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86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
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88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
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90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
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92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
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98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
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100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
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102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
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104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
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120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
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122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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124 6.5 Pn Junctions an excess of n
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126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
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128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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130 6.6 Solar Cells dot based mater
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132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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134 6.7 Photodetectors 6.7.2 Measur
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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
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202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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