Direct Energy, 2018a

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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 131 Figure 6.15: Best eciency of various types of solar cells. This plot is courtesy of the National Renewable <strong>Energy</strong> Laboratory, Golden, CO [77].
132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel Array Block Diagram of solar panel system Balance of system Loads cell Batteries Mounting or tracking hardware meter Concentrator Power conditioner Grid Module Solar Panel Figure 6.16: Components of a solar panel system. The power conditioning system consists of an inverter which converts DC electricity to AC and, for grid tied systems, a system to match the phase of the produced AC power to the phase of the grid. Power conditioning systems also contain a system to limit the current or voltage to maximize the power delivered. Also, they include safeguards such as fuses to prevent injury or damage to equipment. The typical lifetime for the electronics may be around 10-15 years [73]. 6.7 Photodetectors 6.7.1 Types of Photodetectors Photodetectors are sensors used to convert light, at optical or other nearby frequencies, to electricity. One way to classify photodetectors is by their type of active material, which may be a solid or a gas. The rst type of detectors are semiconductor photodetectors made from solid semiconductor pn junctions. The choice of semiconductor inuences the wavelengths of light which can be absorbed because only photons with energy greater than or equal to the energy gap of the semiconductor can be absorbed. For example, silicon has an energy gap of 1.11 eV, so it is able to absorb the photons in both the visible range 1.9 eV
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
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30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
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36 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Herman
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38 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Figure
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40 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices c a β
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42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
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44 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices made m
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46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
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48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
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52 2.4 Problems 2.16. The gure belo
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54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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60 3.3 Electro-Optics used as an el
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62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
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64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
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68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
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70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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72 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation ar
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74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
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76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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78 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Impe
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Page 95 and 96: 84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
Page 97 and 98: 86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
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Page 103 and 104: 92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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Page 107 and 108: 96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
Page 109 and 110: 98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
Page 111 and 112: 100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
Page 113 and 114: 102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
Page 115 and 116: 104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 131 and 132: 120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134: 122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
Page 135 and 136: 124 6.5 Pn Junctions an excess of n
Page 137 and 138: 126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
Page 139 and 140: 128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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Page 148 and 149: 6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
Page 150 and 151: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
Page 152 and 153: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
Page 154 and 155: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
Page 156 and 157: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
Page 158 and 159: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
Page 160 and 161: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
Page 162 and 163: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
Page 164 and 165: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
Page 166 and 167: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
Page 168 and 169: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
Page 170 and 171: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
Page 172 and 173: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
Page 174 and 175: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
Page 176 and 177: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
Page 178 and 179: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
Page 180 and 181: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
Page 182 and 183: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
Page 184 and 185: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
Page 186 and 187: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
Page 188 and 189: 8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
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202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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About the Book Direct Energy Conver
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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