Acute Leukemias - Republican Scientific Medical Library

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a References 259 ministered and the clinical context in which it is being evaluated. Prospective MRD monitoring may enhance our ability to interpret the efficacy of these new treatment strategies. Only by addressing these issues using standardized methods for MRD evaluation will the clinical promise of this important bio-marker be realized. References 1. Miller CB, et al. (1991) Correlation of occult clonogenic leukemia drug sensitivity with relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 78(4):1125–1131 2. Potter MN, et al. (1993) Molecular evidence of minimal residual disease after treatment for leukaemia and lymphoma: An updated meeting report and review. Leukemia 7(8):1302–1314 3. Pui CH, Campana D (2000) New definition of remission in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 14(5):783–785 4. Campana D, Pui CH (1995) Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: Methodologic advances and clinical significance. Blood 85(6):1416–1434 5. Szczepanski T, et al. (2001) Minimal residual disease in leukaemia patients. Lancet Oncol 2(7):409–417 6. Vidriales MB, et al. (2003) Minimal residual disease monitoring by flow cytometry. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 16(4):599–612 7. Campana D, Coustan-Smith E (2002) Advances in the immunological monitoring of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 15(1):1–19 8. Coustan-Smith E, et al. (1998) Immunological detection of minimal residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 351(9102):550–554 9. Inoue K, et al. (1994) WT1 as a new prognostic factor and a new marker for the detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Blood 84(9):3071–3079 10. Inoue K, et al. (1997) Aberrant overexpression of the Wilms tumor gene (WT1) in human leukemia. Blood 89(4):1405–1412 11. Miyagi T, et al. (1993) Expression of the candidate Wilm’s tumor gene, WT1, in human leukemia cells. Leukemia 7(7):970–977 12. Bergmann L, et al. (1997) High levels of Wilms‘ tumor gene (wt1) mRNA in acute myeloid leukemias are associated with a worse long-term outcome. Blood 90(3):1217–1225 13. Sugiyama H (1998) Wilms tumor gene (WT1) as a new marker for the detection of minimal residual disease in leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 30(1–2):55–61 14. Miwa H, Beran M, Saunders GF (1992) Expression of the Wilms‘ tumor gene (WT1) in human leukemias. Leukemia 6(5):405–409 15. Menssen HD, et al. (1995) Presence of Wilms‘ tumor gene (wt1) transcripts and the WT1 nuclear protein in the majority of human acute leukemias. Leukemia 9(6):1060–1067 16. Inoue K, et al. (1996) Long-term follow-up of minimal residual disease in leukemia patients by monitoring WT1 (Wilms tumor gene) expression levels. Blood 88(6):2267–2278 17. Tamaki H, et al. (1996) Increased expression of the Wilms tumor gene (WT1) at relapse in acute leukemia. Blood 88(11):4396–4398 18. Ogawa H, et al. (2003) The usefulness of monitoring WT1 gene transcripts for the prediction and management of relapse follow- ing allogeneic stem cell transplantation in acute type leukemia. Blood 101(5):1698–1704 19. Garg M, et al. (2003) Prognostic significance of quantitative analysis of WT1 gene transcripts by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 123(1):49–59 20. Cilloni D, et al. (2002) Quantitative assessment of WT1 expression by real time quantitative PCR may be a useful tool for monitoring minimal residual disease in acute leukemia patients. Leukemia 16(10):2115–2121 21. Kreuzer KA, et al. (2001) Fluorescent 5‘-exonuclease assay for the absolute quantification of Wilms‘ tumour gene (WT1) mRNA: Implications for monitoring human leukaemias. Br J Haematol 114(2):313–318 22. Pongers-Willemse MJ, et al. (1999) Primers and protocols for standardized detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia using immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene rearrangements and TAL1 deletions as PCR targets: Report of the BIOMED-1 CONCERTED ACTION: Investigation of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Leukemia 13(1):110–118 23. van Dongen JJ, Wolvers-Tettero IL (1991) Analysis of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. Part II: Possibilities and limitations in the diagnosis and management of lymphoproliferative diseases and related disorders. Clin Chim Acta 198(1–2):93–174 24. van Dongen JJ, et al. (1999) Standardized RT-PCR analysis of fusion gene transcripts from chromosome aberrations in acute leukemia for detection of minimal residual disease. Report of the BIOMED-1 Concerted Action: Investigation of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia. Leukemia 13(12):1901–1928 25. Hunger SP (1996) Chromosomal translocations involving the E2A gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Clinical features and molecular pathogenesis. Blood 87(4):1211–1224 26. Hunger SP, et al. (1998) E2A-PBX1 chimeric transcript status at end of consolidation is not predictive of treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias with a t(1;19)(q23;p13): A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood 91(3):1021–1028 27. Privitera E, et al. (1992) Different molecular consequences of the 1;19 chromosomal translocation in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 79(7):1781–1788 28. Devaraj PE, et al. (1995) Expression of the E2A-PBX1fusion transcripts in t(1;19)(q23;p13) and der(19)t(1;19) at diagnosis and in remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with different B lineage immunophenotypes. Leukemia 9(5):821–825 29. Lanza C, et al. (1996) Persistence of E2A/PBX1 transcripts in t(1;19) childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Correlation with chemotherapy intensity and clinical outcome. Leuk Res 20(5):441–443 30. Group Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique (1996) Cytogenetic abnormalities in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Correlations with hematologic findings outcome. A Collaborative Study of the Group Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique. Blood 87(8):3135–3142 31. Gabert J, et al. (2001) Improved outcome of Adult patients with E2A PBX1/t(1;19) positive ALL after intensive therapy: Results of the LAL-94 multicentric protocol. Blood 98:840a 32. Secker-Walker LM, et al. (1997) Cytogenetics adds independent prognostic information in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia on MRC trial UKALL XA. MRC Adult Leukaemia Working Party. Br J Haematol 96(3):601–610
260 Chapter 20 · Minimal Residual Disease Studies in <strong>Acute</strong> Lymphoblastic Leukemia 33. Foa R, et al. (2003) E2A-PBX1fusion in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Biological and clinical features. Br J Haematol 120(3): 484–487 34. Romana SP, et al. (1995) High frequency of t(12;21) in childhood Blineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 86(11):4263–4269 35. Shurtleff SA, et al. (1995) TEL/AML1fusion resulting from a cryptic t(12;21) is the most common genetic lesion in pediatric ALL and defines a subgroup of patients with an excellent prognosis. Leukemia 9(12):1985–1989 36. Raynaud S, et al. (1996) The 12;21 translocation involving TEL and deletion of the other TEL allele: Two frequently associated alterations found in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 87(7):2891–2899 37. Borkhardt A, et al. (1997) Incidence and clinical relevance of TEL/ AML1 fusion genes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia enrolled in the German and Italian multicenter therapy trials. Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica and the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Study Group. Blood 90(2):571–577 38. de Haas V, et al. (2002) The TEL-AML1 real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) might replace the antigen receptorbased genomic PCR in clinical minimal residual disease studies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 116(1):87–93 39. Pine SR, et al. (2003) Real-time quantitative PCR: Standardized detection of minimal residual disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Polymerase chain reaction. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25(2):103–108 40. Sykes PJ, et al. (1992) Quantitation of targets for PCR by use of limiting dilution. Biotechniques 13(3):444–449 41. Cave H, et al. (1994) Prospective monitoring and quantitation of residual blasts in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by polymerase chain reaction study of delta and gamma T-cell receptor genes. Blood 83(7):1892–1902 42. Ouspenskaia MV, et al. (1995) Accurate quantitation of residual Bprecursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia by limiting dilution and a PCR-based detection system: A description of the method and the principles involved. Leukemia 9(2):321–328 43. Pallisgaard N, et al. (1999) Rapid and sensitive minimal residual disease detection in acute leukemia by quantitative real-time RT-PCR exemplified by t(12;21) TEL-AML1 fusion transcript. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26(4):355–365 44. Chen X, et al. (2001) Quantification of minimal residual disease in T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the TAL-1 deletion using a standardized real-time PCR assay. Leukemia 15(1):166–170 45. Pongers-Willemse MJ, et al. (1998) Real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia using junctional region specific TaqMan probes. Leukemia 12(12):2006–2014 46. Gabert J, et al. (2003) Standardization and quality control studies of “real-time” quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fusion gene transcripts for residual disease detection in leukemia – A Europe Against Cancer program. Leukemia 17(12): 2318–2357 47. Donovan JW, et al. (2000) Immunoglobulin heavy-chain consensus probes for real-time PCR quantification of residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 95(8):2651–2658 48. Bruggemann M, et al. (2000) Improved assessment of minimal residual disease in B cell malignancies using fluorogenic consensus probes for real-time quantitative PCR. Leukemia 14(8):1419–1425 49. van der Velden VH, et al. (2002) Immunoglobulin kappa deleting element rearrangements in precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia are stable targets for detection of minimal residual disease by real-time quantitative PCR. Leukemia 16(5):928–936 50. Beishuizen A, et al. (1994) Analysis of Ig and T-cell receptor genes in 40 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias at diagnosis and subsequent relapse: Implications for the detection of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Blood 83(8):2238–2247 51. Coustan-Smith E, et al. (2002) Use of peripheral blood instead of bone marrow to monitor residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100(7):2399–2402 52. Griesinger F, et al. (1999) Leukaemia-associated immunophenotypes (LAIP) are observed in 90% of adult and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Detection in remission marrow predicts outcome. Br J Haematol 105(1):241–255 53. Dworzak MN, et al. (2002) Prognostic significance and modalities of flow cytometric minimal residual disease detection in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 99(6):1952– 1958 54. Farahat N, et al. (1998) Detection of minimal residual disease in Blineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by quantitative flow cytometry. Br J Haematol 101(1):158–164 55. Coustan-Smith E, et al. (2000) Clinical importance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 96(8):2691–2696 56. Ciudad J, et al. (1998) Prognostic value of immunophenotypic detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 16(12):3774–3781 57. Borowitz MJ, et al. (2003) Minimal residual disease detection in childhood precursor-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Relation to other risk factors. A Children’s Oncology Group study. Leukemia 17(8):1566–1572 58. Dworzak MN, et al. (2000) Detection of residual disease in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia by comparative phenotype mapping: Method and significance. Leuk Lymphoma 38(3–4):295–308 59. Cave H, et al. (1998) Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer7Childhood Leukemia Cooperative Group. N Engl J Med 339(9):591–598 60. Roberts WM, et al. (1997) Measurement of residual leukemia during remission in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 336(5):317–323 61. van Dongen JJ, et al. (1998) Prognostic value of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Lancet 352(9142):1731–1738 62. Goulden NJ, et al. (1998) Minimal residual disease analysis for the prediction of relapse in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 100(1):235–244 63. Brisco MJ, et al. (1994) Outcome prediction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by molecular quantification of residual disease at the end of induction. Lancet 343(8891):196–200 64. Foroni L, et al. (1997) Molecular detection of minimal residual disease in adult and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
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E.H. Estey · S.H. Faderl · H. M.
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E. H. Estey Department of Leukemia
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VI Table of Contents 14 Philadelphi
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VIII Contributors S. H. Faderl Depa
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X Contributors D. Wartenberg Depart
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Therapy of AML Elihu Estey Contents
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 3 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 5 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 7 tween G
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 9 Fig. 1.
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 11 of tre
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 13 Table
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 15 permit
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a References 17 19. Care RS, Valk P
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a References 19 6-thioguanine in th
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Epidemiolog
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a 3.1 · Epidemiology 49 3.1.4 Gend
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a 3.2 · Etiology 51 part of the in
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a 3.2 · Etiology 53 for the develo
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a References 55 38. Crane MM, Stom
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Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myelo
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a 4.2 · Prognostic Factors in Pati
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a 4.3 · Treatment of Relapsed and
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a 4.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell Tr
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a 4.6 · Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin 65 T
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a 4.7 · Relapsed and Refractory Ac
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a 4.7 · Relapsed and Refractory Ac
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a References 71 The ability of immu
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a References 73 39. Vogler WR, McCa
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a References 75 95. Sievers EL, Lar
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Part II - Acute Lymphoblastic Leuke
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78 Chapter 5 · Acute Lymphoblastic
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Molecular Biology and Genetics Meir
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a 6.3 · Structural Aberrations 97
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a 6.3 · Structural Aberrations 99
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a 6.5 · Molecular Aberrations 101
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a References 103 clear that homozyg
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a References 105 53. Chim CS, Tam C
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a References 107 122. Lennard L, Li
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Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Le
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a 8.3 · Cytochemistry and Immunoph
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a 8.5 · Cytogenetic and Molecular
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a 8.5 · Cytogenetic and Molecular
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a References 127 including the reti
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a References 129 47. Kita K, Shirak
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Clini
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 111 or neoplasti
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 113 Fig. 7.2. Hi
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 115 The vast maj
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a References 117 dren: Biologic bas
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General Approach to the Therapy of
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a 9.3 · New Agents 133 dose methot
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a References 135 4. Gökbuget N, Ho
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138 Chapter 10 · Recent Clinical T
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146 Chapter 11 · Conventional Ther
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ALL Therapy: Review of the MD Ander
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a 12.2 · The Hyper-CVAD Regimen in
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a 12.3 · Subset-Specific Approache
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Treatment of Adult ALL According to
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a 13.2 · Therapy for Younger (15-6
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a 13.3 · Therapy of Ph/BCR-ABL-Pos
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a 13.5 · Prognostic Factors 173 13
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a References 175 Only patients with
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Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Ac
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a 14.2 · Molecular Biology of the
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a 14.3 · Treatment of Ph+ ALL 181
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a 14.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell T
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a References 185 2. Kurzrock R, Sht
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a References 187 56. Mori T, Manabe
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a References 189 acute lymphoblasti
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192 Chapter 15 · Burkitt’s Acute
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204 Chapter 16 · Treatment of Lymp
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206 Chapter 16 · Treatment of Lymp
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Page 261 and 262: Emergencies in Acute Lymphoblastic
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Page 267 and 268: a References 287 29. Hingorani AD,
Page 269 and 270: Subject Index A aberrant methylatio
Page 271 and 272: a Subject Index 291 CREB, see enhan
Page 273 and 274: a Subject Index 293 MUD, see matche
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