Acute Leukemias - Republican Scientific Medical Library

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a References 279 10. Leclerc J, Rivard G, Blanch M, et al. (1988) The association of once a day high-dose Ara-C followed by mitoxantrone for 3 days induces a high rate of complete remission in children with poor prognosis acute leukemia. Blood 72(Suppl):210 (abstr) 11. Kantarjian H, Walters R, Keating M, et al. (1990) Mitoxantrone and high-dose cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 65:5–8 12. Feldman EJ, Alberts DS, Arlin Z, et al. (1993) Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of high-dose mitoxantrone in combination with cytarabine in patients with acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 11:2002–2009 13. Weiss MA, Drullinsky P, Maslak P, et al. (1998) A phase I trial of a single high dose of idarubicin combined with high-dose cytarabine as induction therapy in relapsed or refractory adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 12(6):865–868 14. Weiss MA, Aliff TB, Tallman MS, et al. (2002) A single, high dose of idarubicin combined with cytarabine as induction therapy for adult patients with recurrent or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 95(3):581–587 15. Davies SM, Ramsay NK, Weisdorf DJ (1996) Feasibility and timing of unrelated donor identification for patients with ALL. Bone Marrow Transplant 17:737–740 16. Gale RP, Horowitz MM, Ash RC, et al. (1994) Identical-twin bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Ann Intern Med 120:646–652 17. Kolb H-J, Schattenberg A, Goldman JM, et al. (1995) Graft-versusleukemia effect of donor lymphocyte transfusions in marrow grafted patients. Blood 86:2041 18. Passweg JR, Tiberghien P, Cahn J-Y, et al. (1998) Graft-versus-leukemia effects in T lineage and B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 21:153–158 19. Doney K, Fisher LD, Appelbaum FR, et al. (1991) Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Multivariate analysis of factors affecting acute graft-versus-host disease, relapse, and relapse-free survival. Bone Marrow Transplant 7:453–459 20. Weisdorf DJ, Woods WG, Nesbit ME Jr, et al. (1994) Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Risk factors and clinical outcome. Br J Haematol 86:62–69 21. Sebban C, Lepage E, Vernant J-P, et al. (1994) Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission: A comparative study. J Clin Oncol 12:2580– 2587 22. Zhang M-J, Hoelzer D, Horowitz MM, et al. (1995) Long-term follow-up of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission treated with chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med 123:428–431 23. Attal M, Blaise D, Marit G, et al. (1995) Consolidation treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A prospective, randomized trial comparing allogeneic versus autologous bone marrow transplantation and testing the impact of recombinant interleukin-2 after autologous bone marrow transplant. Blood 86:1619–1628 24. Thiebaut A, Vernant JP, Degos L, et al. (2000) Adult acute lymphocytic leukemia study testing chemotherapy and autologous and allogeneic transplantation. A follow-up report of the French protocol LALA 87 (Review). Hematol Oncol Clin N Amer 14:1353– 1366 25. Fiere D, Lepage E, Sebban C, et al. (1993) Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A multicentric randomized trial testing bone marrow transplantation as postremission therapy. J Clin Oncol 11:1990– 2001 26. Barrett AJ, Horowitz, MM, Ash RC, et al. (1992) Bone marrow transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 79:3067–3070 27. Dombret H, Gabert J, Boiron JM, et al. (2002) Outcome of treatment in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of the prospective multicenter LALA- 94 trial. Blood 100:2357–2366 28. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. (2001) Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 344:1031–1037 29. Ottmann OG, Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, et al. (2002) A phase 2 study of imatinib in patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoid leukemias. Blood 100: 1965–1971 30. Hoffman WK, Jones JC, Lemp NA, et al. (2002) Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia resistant to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 has a unique BCR-ABL gene mutation. Blood 99:1860–1862 31. Hoffman WK, Komor M, Wassman B, et al. (2003) Presence of the BCR-ABL mutation Glu255Lys prior to STI571 (imatinib) treatment in patients with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 102: 659–661 32. Thomas DA, Faderl S, Cortes J, et al. 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Emergencies in <strong>Acute</strong> Lymphoblastic Leukemia Olga Frankfurt, Martin S. Tallman Contents 23.1 Introduction .................. 281 23.2 Metabolic Complications ......... 281 23.3 Lactic Acidosis ................ 282 23.4 Hypercalcemia ................ 283 23.5 Hyperleukocytosis ............. 283 23.6 SVC/Mediastinal Mass ........... 284 23.7 DIC ......................... 284 23.8 L-Asparaginase and Coagulopathy . 285 23.9 Neurological Complications ...... 285 23.10 Other Organ Involvement ........ 286 References ......................... 286 23.1 Introduction The clinical presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may range from nonspecific symptoms such as progressive malaise, fever, and fatigue to severe lifethreatening manifestations, requiring immediate medical intervention. 23.2 Metabolic Complications Severe metabolic disturbances may accompany the initial diagnosis of ALL as well as the first phase of the induction chemotherapy [1]. Patients with high leukemic burden are at risk of developing acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS), manifesting by hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and secondary hypocalcemia. Such electrolyte abnormalities may lead to the development of oliguric renal failure due to the tubular precipitation of urate and calcium phosphate crystals, fatal cardiac arrhythmias, hypocalcemic tetany, and seizures. Administration of vigorous intravenous hydration of 2–4 times daily fluid maintenance (approximately 3 l/ m 2 /d), sodium bicarbonate to alkalinize the urine (must be given with caution since it may potentiate hypocalcemia), oral or intravenous allopurinol to control hyperuricemia, and phosphate binders to treat hyperphosphatemia remain the standard therapy for management of ATLS in the USA. Although urine alkalinization (urine pH > 7) historically has been recommended for the prophylaxis and treatment of ATLS [2], it remains controversial. Since maximum uric acid solubility occurs at the pH of 7.5, alkalinization of urine promotes the urinary excretion of the urate. However, solubility of urate precursors – xanthine and hypoxanthine – is dramatically reduced at such pH, leading to the development of urinary xanthine crystals and xanthine obstructive uropathy [2, 3]. A xanthine analog allopurinol, which competitively inhibits xanthine oxidase and the conversion of xanthine and hypoxanthine to uric acid, has been demonstrated to effectively decrease the formation of uric acid and reduce the incidence of uric acid obstructive uropathy [4, 5]. However, allopurinol has several significant limitations. First, allopurinol only prevents further uric acid formation and has no effect of already existing uric
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E.H. Estey · S.H. Faderl · H. M.
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E. H. Estey Department of Leukemia
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VI Table of Contents 14 Philadelphi
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VIII Contributors S. H. Faderl Depa
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X Contributors D. Wartenberg Depart
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Therapy of AML Elihu Estey Contents
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 3 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 5 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 7 tween G
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 9 Fig. 1.
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 11 of tre
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 13 Table
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 15 permit
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a References 17 19. Care RS, Valk P
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a References 19 6-thioguanine in th
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Epidemiolog
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a 3.1 · Epidemiology 49 3.1.4 Gend
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a 3.2 · Etiology 51 part of the in
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a 3.2 · Etiology 53 for the develo
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a References 55 38. Crane MM, Stom
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Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myelo
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a 4.2 · Prognostic Factors in Pati
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a 4.3 · Treatment of Relapsed and
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a 4.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell Tr
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a 4.6 · Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin 65 T
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a 4.7 · Relapsed and Refractory Ac
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a 4.7 · Relapsed and Refractory Ac
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a References 71 The ability of immu
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a References 73 39. Vogler WR, McCa
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a References 75 95. Sievers EL, Lar
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Part II - Acute Lymphoblastic Leuke
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78 Chapter 5 · Acute Lymphoblastic
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Molecular Biology and Genetics Meir
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a 6.3 · Structural Aberrations 97
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a 6.3 · Structural Aberrations 99
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a 6.5 · Molecular Aberrations 101
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a References 103 clear that homozyg
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a References 105 53. Chim CS, Tam C
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a References 107 122. Lennard L, Li
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Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Le
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a 8.3 · Cytochemistry and Immunoph
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a 8.5 · Cytogenetic and Molecular
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a 8.5 · Cytogenetic and Molecular
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a References 127 including the reti
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a References 129 47. Kita K, Shirak
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Clini
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 111 or neoplasti
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 113 Fig. 7.2. Hi
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 115 The vast maj
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a References 117 dren: Biologic bas
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General Approach to the Therapy of
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a 9.3 · New Agents 133 dose methot
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a References 135 4. Gökbuget N, Ho
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138 Chapter 10 · Recent Clinical T
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146 Chapter 11 · Conventional Ther
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ALL Therapy: Review of the MD Ander
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a 12.2 · The Hyper-CVAD Regimen in
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a 12.3 · Subset-Specific Approache
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Treatment of Adult ALL According to
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a 13.2 · Therapy for Younger (15-6
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a 13.3 · Therapy of Ph/BCR-ABL-Pos
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a 13.5 · Prognostic Factors 173 13
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a References 175 Only patients with
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Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Ac
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a 14.2 · Molecular Biology of the
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a 14.3 · Treatment of Ph+ ALL 181
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a 14.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell T
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a References 185 2. Kurzrock R, Sht
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a References 187 56. Mori T, Manabe
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a References 189 acute lymphoblasti
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192 Chapter 15 · Burkitt’s Acute
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204 Chapter 16 · Treatment of Lymp
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216 Chapter 17 · The Role of Allog
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Page 269 and 270: Subject Index A aberrant methylatio
Page 271 and 272: a Subject Index 291 CREB, see enhan
Page 273 and 274: a Subject Index 293 MUD, see matche
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