Acute Leukemias - Republican Scientific Medical Library

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286 Chapter 23 · Emergencies in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia receive a total radiation dose of 3000 cGy, with 1000– 1,500 cGy of it applied to the nerve sheath and the cranial base [80]. 23.10 Other Organ Involvement Leukemic cells may infiltrate virtually any organ system, especially in mature B-cell ALL (32%) and T-cell ALL, and usually do not cause significant morbidity. However, patients presenting with diffuse abdominal pain require immediate evaluation by the surgeon, due to high mortality rate (100%) from bowel perforation attributable to leukemic infiltrates [81]. Cases of splenic rupture form leukemic infiltrate and priapism due to leukostasis in corpora cavernosa and dorsal vein and sacral involvement in ALL have been described [82, 83]. References 1. O‘Regan S, Carson S, Chesney RW, Drummond KN (1977) Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. Blood 49(3):345–353 2. Ten Harkel AD, Kist-Van Holthe JE, Van Weel M, Van der Vorst MM (1998) Alkalinization and the tumor lysis syndrome. Med Pediatr Oncol 31(1):27–28 3. Jones DP, Mahmoud H, Chesney RW (1995) Tumor lysis syndrome: Pathogenesis and management. Pediatr Nephrol 9(2):206–212 4. Spector T (1977) Inhibition of urate production by allopurinol. Biochem Pharmacol 26(5):355–358 5. Goldman SC, Holcenberg JS, Finklestein JZ, et al. (2001) A randomized comparison between rasburicase and allopurinol in children with lymphoma or leukemia at high risk for tumor lysis. Blood 97(10):2998–3003 6. Cairo MS, Bishop M (2004) Tumour lysis syndrome: New therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol 127(1):3–11 7. Brogard JM, Coumaros D, Franckhauser J, Stahl A, Stahl J (1972) Enzymatic uricolysis: A study of the effect of a fungal urate-oxydase. Rev Eur Etud Clin Biol 17(9):890–895 8. Yeldandi AV, Yeldandi V, Kumar S, et al. (1991) Molecular evolution of the urate oxidase-encoding gene in hominoid primates: Nonsense mutations. Gene 109(2):281–284 9. Masera G, Jankovic M, Zurlo MG, et al. (1982) Urate-oxidase prophylaxis of uric acid-induced renal damage in childhood leukemia. J Pediatr 100(1):152–155 10. Pui CH, Relling MV, Lascombes F, et al. (1997) Urate oxidase in prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia associated with lymphoid malignancies. Leukemia 11(11):1813–1816 11. Patte C, Sakiroglu C, Ansoborlo S, et al. (2002) Urate-oxidase in the prevention and treatment of metabolic complications in patients with B-cell lymphoma and leukemia, treated in the Societe Fran- caise d‘Oncologie Pediatrique LMB89 protocol. Ann Oncol 13(5): 789–795 12. Legoux R, Delpech B, Dumont X, et al. (1992) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase. J Biol Chem 267(12):8565–8570 13. Coiffier B, Mounier N, Bologna S, et al. (2003) Efficacy and safety of rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase) for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia during induction chemotherapy of aggressive non-Hodgkin‘s lymphoma: Results of the GRAAL1 (Groupe d‘Etude des Lymphomes de l‘Adulte Trial on Rasburicase Activity in Adult Lymphoma) study. J Clin Oncol 21(23):4402–4406 14. Lee AC, Li CH, So KT, Chan R (2003) Treatment of impending tumor lysis with single-dose rasburicase. Ann Pharmacother 37(11): 1614–1617 15. Trifilio S, Tallman M, Singhal S, Gordon L, Evens A, Mehta J (2004) Low-dose recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) is effective in hyperuricemia. 46th ASH Annual Meeting 16. Jeha S (2001) Tumor lysis syndrome. Semin Hematol 38(4 Suppl 10):4–8 17. Kelly KM, Lange B (1997) Oncologic emergencies. Pediatr Clin North Am 44(4):809–830 18. Sillos EM, Shenep JL, Burghen GA, Pui CH, Behm FG, Sandlund JT (2001) Lactic acidosis: A metabolic complication of hematologic malignancies: Case report and review of the literature. Cancer 92(9):2237–2246 19. Mazurek S, Boschek CB, Eigenbrodt E (1997) The role of phosphometabolites in cell proliferation, energy metabolism, and tumor therapy. J Bioenerg Biomembr 29(4):315–330 20. Mathupala SP, Rempel A, Pedersen PL (1997) Aberrant glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells: A remarkable coordination of genetic, transcriptional, post-translational, and mutational events that lead to a critical role for type II hexokinase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 29(4):339–343 21. Elmlinger MW, Wimmer K, Biemer E, Blum WF, Ranke MB, Dannecker GE (1996) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 is differentially expressed in leukaemic B- and T-cell lines. Growth Regul 6(3):152–157 22. Cohick WS, Clemmons DR (1993) The insulin-like growth factors. Annu Rev Physiol 55:131–153 23. Werner H, LeRoith D (1996) The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68:183–223 24. Durig J, Fiedler W, de Wit M, Steffen M, Hossfeld DK (1996) Lactic acidosis and hypoglycemia in a patient with high-grade non- Hodgkin‘s lymphoma and elevated circulating TNF-alpha. Ann Hematol 72(2):97–99 25. Tiefenthaler M, Amberger A, Bacher N, et al. (2001) Increased lactate production follows loss of mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis of human leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 114(3):574–580 26. Sculier JP, Nicaise C, Klastersky J (1983) Lactic acidosis: A metabolic complication of extensive metastatic cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 19(5):597–601 27. Stacpoole PW (1986) Lactic acidosis: The case against bicarbonate therapy. Ann Intern Med 105(2):276–279 28. Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR, Russell JA (1990) Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis. A prospective, controlled clinical study. 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a References 287 29. Hingorani AD, Macdougall IC, Browne M, Walker RW, Tomson CR (1993) Successful treatment of acute D-lactate encephalopathy by haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8(11):1283–1285 30. Barton IK, Streather CP, Hilton PJ, Bradley RD (1991) Successful treatment of severe lactic acidosis by haemofiltration using a bicarbonate-based replacement fluid. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6(5): 368–370 31. Fukasawa H, Kato A, Fujigaki Y, Yonemura K, Furuya R, Hishida A (2001) Hypercalcemia in a patient with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A role of proinflammatory cytokine. Am J Med Sci 322(2):109–112 32. Schneider T, Seydlitz F, Zimmermann U, Sontag B, Boesken WH (2001) [Life threatening hypercalcemia in a young man with ALL]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 126(1/2):7–11 33. Lankisch P, Kramm CM, Hermsen D, Wessalowski R (2004) Hypercalcemia with nephrocalcinosis and impaired renal function due to increased Parathyroid hormone secretion at onset of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 45(8): 1695–1697 34. Esbrit P (2001) Hypercalcemia of malignancy – New insights into an old syndrome. Clin Lab 47(1/2):67–71 35. Tan AW, Ng HJ, Ang P, Goh YT (2004) Extensive calcinosis cutis in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Ann Acad Med Singapore 33(1):107–109 36. Schmid I, Stachel D, Schon C, Bauer M, Haas RJ (2001) Pamidronate and calcitonin as therapy of acute cancer-related hypercalcemia in children. Klin Padiatr 213(1):30–34 37. Bockman R (2003) The effects of gallium nitrate on bone resorption. Semin Oncol 30(2 Suppl 5):5–12 38. Warrell RP Jr, Murphy WK, Schulman P, O‘Dwyer PJ, Heller G (1991) A randomized double-blind study of gallium nitrate compared with etidronate for acute control of cancer-related hypercalcemia. J Clin Oncol 9(8):1467–1475 39. Chaves Alvarez AJ, Herrera Saval A, Marquez Enriquez J, Camacho Martinez F (2000) Metastatic calcinosis cutis in multiple myeloma. Br J Dermatol 142(4):820–822 40. Cochran RJ, Wilkin JK (1983) An unusual case of calcinosis cutis. J Am Acad Dermatol 8(1):103–106 41. Porcu P, Farag S, Marcucci G, Cataland SR, Kennedy MS, Bissell M (2002) Leukocytoreduction for acute leukemia. Ther Apher 6(1):15–23 42. Porcu P, Cripe LD, Ng EW, et al. (2000) Hyperleukocytic leukemias and leukostasis: A review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Leuk Lymphoma 39(1/2):1–18 43. Strauss RA, Gloster ES, McCallister JA, Jimenez JF, Neuberg RW, Berry DH (1985) Acute cytoreduction techniques in the early treatment of hyperleukocytosis associated with childhood hematologic malignancies. Med Pediatr Oncol 13(6):346–351 44. Bunin NJ, Kunkel K, Callihan TR (1987) Cytoreductive procedures in the early management in cases of leukemia and hyperleukocytosis in children. Med Pediatr Oncol 15(5):232–235 45. Maurer HS, Steinherz PG, Gaynon PS, et al. (1988) The effect of initial management of hyperleukocytosis on early complications and outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 6(9):1425–1432 46. Harousseau JL, Tobelem G, Schaison G, et al. (1980) High risk acute lymphocytic leukemia: A study of 141 cases with initial white blood cell counts over 100,000/cu mm. Cancer 46(9): 1996–2003 47. Lichtman MA, Heal J, Rowe JM (1987) Hyperleukocytic leukaemia: Rheological and clinical features and management. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1(3):725–746 48. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, et al. (1991) High survival rate in advanced-stage B-cell lymphomas and leukemias without CNS involvement with a short intensive polychemotherapy: Results from the French Pediatric Oncology Society of a randomized trial of 216 children. J Clin Oncol 9(1):123–132 49. Lam JC, Chui CH, Jacobsen AS, Tan AM, Joseph VT (2004) When is a mediastinal mass critical in a child? An analysis of 29 patients. Pediatr Surg Int 20(3):180–184 50. Schindler N, Vogelzang RL (1999) Superior vena cava syndrome. Experience with endovascular stents and surgical therapy. Surg Clin North Am 79(3):683–694, xi 51. Abshire TC, Gold SH, Odom LF, Carson SD, Hathaway WE (1990) The coagulopathy of childhood leukemia. Thrombin activation or primary fibrinolysis? Cancer 66(4):716–721 52. Champion LA, Luddy RE, Schwartz AD (1978) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with poor prognostic features. Cancer 41(4):1642–1646 53. Ribeiro RC, Pui CH (1986) The clinical and biological correlates of coagulopathy in children with acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 4(8):1212–1218 54. Guarini A, Baccarani M, Corbelli G, Gugliotta L, Tura S (1980) Defibrination in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Report of four cases. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 22(2):115–123 55. Sarris AH, Kempin S, Berman E, et al. (1992) High incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during remission induction of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 79(5):1305–1310 56. Sarris A, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, et al. (1996) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Frequent complications with fibrinogen levels less than 100 mg/dl. Leuk Lymphoma 21(1/2):85–92 57. Higuchi T, Mori H, Niikura H, Omine M, Okada S, Terada H (1998) Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia at presentation and in early phase of remission induction therapy. Ann Hematol 76(6):263–269 58. Solano C, Lopez J, Gomez N, Fernandez-Ranada JM (1992) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Hypofibrinogenemia with a low incidence of clinical complications is often found during induction remission therapy. Blood 80(5):1366–1368 59. Bezeaud A, Drouet L, Leverger G, Griffin JH, Guillin MC (1986) Effect of L-asparaginase therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia on plasma vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and inhibitors. J Pediatr 108(5 Pt 1):698–701 60. Ramsay NK, Coccia PF, Krivit W, Nesbit ME, Edson JR (1977) The effect of L-asparaginase of plasma coagulation factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 40(4):1398–1401 61. Priest JR, Ramsay NK, Bennett AJ, Krivit W, Edson JR (1982) The effect of L-asparaginase on antithrombin, plasminogen, and plasma coagulation during therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr 100(6):990–995 62. Bushman JE, Palmieri D, Whinna HC, Church FC (2000) Insight into the mechanism of asparaginase-induced depletion of antithrom
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E.H. Estey · S.H. Faderl · H. M.
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E. H. Estey Department of Leukemia
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VI Table of Contents 14 Philadelphi
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VIII Contributors S. H. Faderl Depa
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X Contributors D. Wartenberg Depart
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Therapy of AML Elihu Estey Contents
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 3 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 5 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 7 tween G
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 9 Fig. 1.
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 11 of tre
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 13 Table
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 15 permit
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a References 17 19. Care RS, Valk P
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a References 19 6-thioguanine in th
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Epidemiolog
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a 3.1 · Epidemiology 49 3.1.4 Gend
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a 3.2 · Etiology 51 part of the in
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a 3.2 · Etiology 53 for the develo
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a References 55 38. Crane MM, Stom
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Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myelo
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a 4.2 · Prognostic Factors in Pati
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a 4.3 · Treatment of Relapsed and
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a 4.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell Tr
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a 4.6 · Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin 65 T
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a 4.7 · Relapsed and Refractory Ac
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a 4.7 · Relapsed and Refractory Ac
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a References 71 The ability of immu
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a References 73 39. Vogler WR, McCa
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a References 75 95. Sievers EL, Lar
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Part II - Acute Lymphoblastic Leuke
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78 Chapter 5 · Acute Lymphoblastic
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Molecular Biology and Genetics Meir
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a 6.3 · Structural Aberrations 97
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a 6.3 · Structural Aberrations 99
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a 6.5 · Molecular Aberrations 101
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a References 103 clear that homozyg
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a References 105 53. Chim CS, Tam C
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a References 107 122. Lennard L, Li
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Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Le
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a 8.3 · Cytochemistry and Immunoph
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a 8.5 · Cytogenetic and Molecular
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a 8.5 · Cytogenetic and Molecular
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a References 127 including the reti
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a References 129 47. Kita K, Shirak
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Clini
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 111 or neoplasti
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 113 Fig. 7.2. Hi
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a 7.3 · Diagnosis 115 The vast maj
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a References 117 dren: Biologic bas
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General Approach to the Therapy of
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a 9.3 · New Agents 133 dose methot
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a References 135 4. Gökbuget N, Ho
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138 Chapter 10 · Recent Clinical T
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146 Chapter 11 · Conventional Ther
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ALL Therapy: Review of the MD Ander
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a 12.2 · The Hyper-CVAD Regimen in
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a 12.3 · Subset-Specific Approache
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Treatment of Adult ALL According to
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a 13.2 · Therapy for Younger (15-6
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a 13.3 · Therapy of Ph/BCR-ABL-Pos
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a 13.5 · Prognostic Factors 173 13
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a References 175 Only patients with
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Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Ac
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a 14.2 · Molecular Biology of the
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a 14.3 · Treatment of Ph+ ALL 181
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a 14.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell T
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a References 185 2. Kurzrock R, Sht
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a References 187 56. Mori T, Manabe
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a References 189 acute lymphoblasti
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192 Chapter 15 · Burkitt’s Acute
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204 Chapter 16 · Treatment of Lymp
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216 Chapter 17 · The Role of Allog
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230 Chapter 18 · The Role of Autol
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232 Chapter 18 · The Role of Autol
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Page 269 and 270: Subject Index A aberrant methylatio
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Page 273 and 274: a Subject Index 293 MUD, see matche
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