Acute Leukemias - Republican Scientific Medical Library

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a References 89 antihistamines and allergy remedies was associated with an increased risk of ALL. 5.4 Summary ALL is a complex, heterogeneous disease that is difficult to study. It is rare, comprehensive exposure assessments are complicated to conduct, and most studies are potentially plagued by possible reporting biases, for example by parents; selection biases, for example in selection of control and comparison populations; and substantial confounding, for example by SES. Nonetheless, as the most common childhood cancer, it has a substantial public health impact and is of great concern to parents and the public, in general, and demands prompt, thorough, and reliable research. Studies have shown associations of ALL with several risk factors, such as maternal exposure to solvents, residential proximity to electric power lines, and pesticides, but none save ionizing radiation are thorough and convincing. These studies provide numerous leads and suggestions for further study. One topic of investigation that has sparked considerable research, particularly in the UK, is the role of infection and immune response in the occurrence of childhood leukemia. This set of etiologic hypotheses includes consideration of biological, genetic, physical, and chemical risk factors in conjunction with the molecular basis of this dreaded disease. And yet, here, too, after more than 25 years of study and investigation, while numerous patterns and associations have been detected and documented, the underlying debate of what causes childhood leukemia remains largely unresolved. We hope that with the recent gains in understanding the genetic basis and variation of ALL, and the many advances in molecular and genetic technology, exposure assessment, and study design and implementations, will provide additional clues and avenues for future investigation. References 1. Acquavella JF, Leonard RC (2001) A review of the epidemiology of 1,3-butadiene and chloroprene. Chem Biol Interact 135–136:43– 52 2. Adami J, Nyren O, Bergstrom R, Ekbom A, Engholm G, Englund A, et al. (1998) Smoking and the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Cancer Causes Control 9:49–56 3. Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, et al. (2000) A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. Br J Cancer 83:692–698 4. Aksoy M, Erdem S, Dincol G (1976) Types of leukemia in a chronic benzene poisoning: A study in thirty-four patients. Acta Haematologica 55:65–72 5. Alexander FE, Chan LC, Lam TH, Yuen P, Leung NK, Ha SY, et al. (1997) Clustering of childhood leukaemia in Hong Kong: Association with the childhood peak and common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and with population mixing. Br J Cancer 75:457–463 6. Auvinen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Salonen L (2002) Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia: A case-cohort study in Finland. Cancer Causes Control 13:825–829 7. Badrinath P, Day NE, Stockton D (1997) Seasonality in the diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 75:1711–1713 8. Berrington A, Darby SC, Weiss HA, Doll R (2001) 100 years of observation on British radiologists: Mortality from cancer and other causes 1897–1997. Br J Radiol 74:507–519 9. Boffetta P, Tredaniel J, Greco A (2000) Risk of childhood cancer and adult lung cancer after childhood exposure to passive smoke: A meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 108:73–82 10. Boice JD, Jr, Bigbee WL, Mumma MT, Blot WJ (2003) Cancer mortality in counties near two former nuclear materials processing facilities in Pennsylvania, 1950–1995. Health Physics 85:691–700 11. Borkhardt A, Cazzaniga G, Viehmann S, Valesecchi MG, Ludwig WD, Burci L, et al. (1977) Incidence and clinical relevance of TEL/AML1 fusion genes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia enrolled in the German and Italian multicenter therapy trials. Blood 90:571–577 12. Borugian MJ, Spinelli JJ, Mezei G, Wilkins R, Abanto Z, McBride ML (2005) Childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status in Canada. Epidemiology 16:526–531 13. Buffler PA, Kwan MI, Reynolds P, Urayama KY (2005) Environmental and genetic risk factors for childhood leukemia: Appraising the evidence. Cancer Invest 1:60–75 14. Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, et al. (2005) Risk of cancer after low doses of ionizing radiation: Retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. Br Med J 331:77–82 15. Cave H, Cacheux V, Raynaud S, Brunie G, Bakkus M, Cochaux P, et al. (1997) ETV6 is the target of chromosome 12p deletions in t(12;21) childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 11:1459–1464 16. Cimino G, Lo Coco F, Biondi A, Elia L, Luciano A, Croce CM, et al. (1993) ALL-1 gene at chromosome 11q23 is consistently altered in acute leukemia of early infancy. Blood 82:544–546 17. Collman G, Loomis D, Sandler D (1991) Childhood cancer mortality and radon concentration in drinking water in North Carolina. Br J Cancer 63:626–629
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E.H. Estey · S.H. Faderl · H. M.
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E. H. Estey Department of Leukemia
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VI Table of Contents 14 Philadelphi
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VIII Contributors S. H. Faderl Depa
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X Contributors D. Wartenberg Depart
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Therapy of AML Elihu Estey Contents
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 3 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 5 Table 1
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 7 tween G
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 9 Fig. 1.
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a 1.2 · Standard Therapy 11 of tre
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Page 41 and 42: Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myelo
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Page 79 and 80: Molecular Biology and Genetics Meir
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Page 93 and 94: Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Le
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Page 103 and 104: a References 129 47. Kita K, Shirak
Page 105 and 106: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Clini
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142 Chapter 10 · Recent Clinical T
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144 Chapter 10 · Recent Clinical T
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146 Chapter 11 · Conventional Ther
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ALL Therapy: Review of the MD Ander
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a 12.2 · The Hyper-CVAD Regimen in
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a 12.3 · Subset-Specific Approache
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Treatment of Adult ALL According to
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a 13.2 · Therapy for Younger (15-6
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a 13.3 · Therapy of Ph/BCR-ABL-Pos
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a 13.5 · Prognostic Factors 173 13
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a References 175 Only patients with
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Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Ac
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a 14.2 · Molecular Biology of the
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a 14.3 · Treatment of Ph+ ALL 181
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a 14.4 · Hematopoietic Stem Cell T
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a References 185 2. Kurzrock R, Sht
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a References 187 56. Mori T, Manabe
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a References 189 acute lymphoblasti
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192 Chapter 15 · Burkitt’s Acute
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204 Chapter 16 · Treatment of Lymp
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216 Chapter 17 · The Role of Allog
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230 Chapter 18 · The Role of Autol
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238 Chapter 19 · Novel Therapies i
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248 Chapter 20 · Minimal Residual
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264 Chapter 21 · Central Nervous S
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276 Chapter 22 · Relapsed Acute Ly
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278 Chapter 22 · Relapsed Acute Ly
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Emergencies in Acute Lymphoblastic
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a 23.5 · Hyperleukocytosis 283 LA
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a 23.9 · Neurological Complication
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a References 287 29. Hingorani AD,
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Subject Index A aberrant methylatio
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a Subject Index 291 CREB, see enhan
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a Subject Index 293 MUD, see matche
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