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eastern Cape in southern Africa. It is silent, huge and empty - attributes that may not appeal to a broad cross-section of the general public. 121 Key animals : The following mammals have been recorded in Harrat al-Harrah (Seddon et al. 1997): reem and idmi gazelle, wolf (Canis lupus), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Rueppell's fox (Vulpes rueppelli), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), caracal (Felis caracal), sand cat (Felis margarita), wild cat (F. silvestris), , ratel (Mellivora capensis), Ethiopian hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Cape hare, Cheesman's gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani), Baluchistan gerbil (G. nanus), Wagner's gerbil (G. dasyurus), Sundervall's jird (Meriones crassus), Libyan jird (M. libycus), lesser jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), and Hemprich's long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichi). Untended herds of camel (Camelus dromedarius) range freely throughout the reserve. Dogs (Canis lupus familairis) and feral cats (F. silvestris) may also be found in the reserve occasionally. The Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus), and the marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) (Nader 1991) have been recorded close to, but outside the reserve's borders, and therefore may be present at least seasonally in some parts of the reserve (Seddon et al. 1996). The current bird list for Harrat al-Harrah contains 130 species, including a large diversity of migrants, notably raptors, but also waterbirds which utilise ephemeral water pools after heavy rainfall. Harrat al-Harrah is both a breeding ground (Green 1984, Symens 1988) and a winter refuge for houbara bustards, and an important breeding area for a large species assemblage of larks and wheatears. Red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus camelus) were once present in Harrat al- Harrah; fragments of ostrich eggshell may be found throughout the reserve (P. Seddon, pers. obs.). Probability of seeing top six key animals : Reem gazelle 2 Idmi gazelle 4 Houbara bustard 3 Arabian wolf 4 Striped hyena 4 Red/Ruppell’s fox 3 Key sites : Houbara bustards are concentrated in eastern sectors; wolves and hyenas more prevalent in rocky hill areas; faga’ grows on open harrat boulder fields; pre-historic sites throughout. Key seasons : Late winter - spring (December to April), when gazelles and houbara bustards are breeding; there is a flush of spring annuals, and faga’ may grow. Cultural Features Traditional uses : Seasonal grazing lands for camels, and latterly sheep and goats; hunting of gazelles and falconry for houbara bustards, principally during winter and spring; spring collection of faga’ after good winter rainfall. Cultural importance : None known beyond seasonal use of natural resources. Historical features : Numerous and extensive pre-historic sites, comprising stone habitation circles; gazelle traps; mounds (burial?), dam works, and keys, and thousands of stone tool sites, probably dating back to 10,000 years BP.
PA Infrastructure Border demarcation : Until 1998 the border was marked by a series of irregularly spaced white barrels. From 1998 a ditch/dike system was constructed along the southern, eastern and parts of the northern boundaries, effectively channelling all ground traffic via ranger camps. 122 Rangers/other staff : Between 25 and 30 rangers. All ranger camps have a cook with two normally at the main camp; total nine cooks. Two mechanics are based full-time at the main camp and are responsible for servicing of all vehicles and generators in the reserve. Responsibilities of rangers : NCWCD rangers primarily undertake patrols of the reserve's boundaries and interior, and secondarily provide supervision of visiting groups, and assistance with broader monitoring and research programmes as required, including liaison with scientific staff and aerial patrols; maintenance of camps and reporting of incidental wildlife sightings;. NCWCD rangers are not officially empowered to arrest or detain offenders, nor to confiscate property. Ranger chain of command : Day-to-day management of rangers camp structures is carried out by the head ranger or his deputy, under authority of NCWCD head office staff in Riyadh. The research camp at Shamma is maintained by NWRC, with assistance from the rangers. Camps and other buildings : Buildings in Harrat al-Harrah are used for housing staff, for administration and for maintenance and research. There are three permanent buildings in the reserve, all at Nimr: the main ranger station, Head Ranger family housing, and a workshop. There are ten camps in total: new Nimr, old Nimr, Liss, Abusada, Gilta, Rushaydah, Thayat, Hadran, Erronibayat, and Shamma. New Nimr, Thayat and Liss have permanent structures; all other camps consist of portabins and tents. Old Nimr has been abandoned and is in poor repair. Tracks and roads : The reserve has no sealed roads. Movement between camps is primarily along major unsealed tracks which run around the periphery of the reserve, avoiding the rocky areas within. Movement within the reserve is along unsealed tracks, some marginal and subject to erosion and washout. Main highways linking the towns of Turaif with Qurayyat, Dowmat and Sakaka run around the north, west and south sides of the reserve, within 60 to 120 km of the reserve's borders. Other facilities : Diesel-powered generators are maintained at each ranger camp. These are required for the running of freezers, lights, computers, repeaters, radios, air-conditioners etc. The research camp at Makman Shamma has no generator, but runs basic lights from batteries charged by solar panels; other power is provided by butane gas. There is a petrol tank at each camp, and water is brought in by tanker from nearby wells outside the reserve. Six authorised landing areas are maintained at camps in the reserve (see Appendix), at both new and old Nimr, Liss, Gilta, Erronibayat and Shamma. These are marked with tyres and supplied with a windsock. A number of alternative landing sites are available to exerienced pilots authorised to use them if necessary; these are generally on the large dry lakes throughout the area. In 1997 petrol tanks at selected sites within the reserve to allow extended survey flights. Maintenance of facilities : On-site maintenance is the responsibility of the rangers and their support staff of labourers ad mechanics, with support from local contractors and NCWCD in Riyadh.
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The Unfenced Desert
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Institute of Earth Studies Universi
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4 SUMMARY The Unfenced Desert Towar
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from human use in order to conserve
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Chapter two reviews global changes
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Chapter seven sets out the framewor
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In 1987 the report of the World Com
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and more succinctly by the Ecotouri
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infringements, environmental damage
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• policies for the development of
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“Because of the abundance and exc
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Political, economic, social and env
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Arabian Standard Oil Company), stru
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ustard Chlamydotis [undulata] macqu
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would be declared annually during t
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Al Khunfah Protected Area The over
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• Decreased application of strict
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the attitudes and awareness of a sa
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the Asir the number one summer holi
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government tourism body to co-ordin
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The next chapter looks in more deta
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Chapter 5. Public attitudes to wild
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sent copies of the questionnaire fo
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animals was chosen by 41% and 39%,
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There was little variation in the p
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Falcon 6.3% Cheetah 1.5% Camel 1.1%
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• not necessarily entail overnigh
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median 4. A total of 189 people ans
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Overall, 62% of people used private
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through the news media and may sugg
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accommodation. During vacations tou
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Each protected area can them be ass
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3 = basic facilities absent, but re
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Summary of Tourism Development Asse
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♦ Farasan Islands Summary Assessm
Page 72 and 73: ♦ Ibex Reserve Summary Assessment
Page 74 and 75: ♦ Mahazat as-Sayd Summary Assessm
Page 76 and 77: ♦ National Wildlife Research Cent
Page 78 and 79: Ranking 4/12 Category Group 1: High
Page 80 and 81: ♦ `Uruq Bani Ma’arid Summary As
Page 82 and 83: Area Rank Key Spp. Season Potential
Page 84 and 85: departments of Planning and Protect
Page 86 and 87: guides. The NCWCD should additional
Page 88 and 89: • Tourism revenue should aid the
Page 90 and 91: Topic 2: Training Questions to be a
Page 92 and 93: • Universities Suggested structur
Page 94 and 95: Other linkages: • Private sector
Page 96 and 97: • It is necessary to ensure that
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX Review of NCWCD Wildlife P
Page 100 and 101: Date of creation = year of creation
Page 102 and 103: PA Infrastructure Border demarcatio
Page 104 and 105: Protected Area Al-Khunfah Administr
Page 106 and 107: permanent concrete structure based
Page 108 and 109: Protected Area At-Tubayq Administra
Page 110 and 111: during these period should be minim
Page 112 and 113: Nearest national sealed road : The
Page 114 and 115: Protected Area Farasan Islands Admi
Page 116 and 117: and humid in summer, spring - winte
Page 118 and 119: Nearest towns (150 km radius) : Far
Page 120 and 121: Protected Area Harrat al-Harrah Adm
Page 124 and 125: Other patrols : The NCWCD Aviation
Page 126 and 127: Cultural/historical : 3 Facilities
Page 128 and 129: Cultural Features Traditional uses
Page 130 and 131: Potential activities : Driven tours
Page 132 and 133: dorcas, reem and idmi gazelles, and
Page 134 and 135: Sensitivity / security : Safe for v
Page 136 and 137: The area’s designation allows for
Page 138 and 139: Key seasons : Re-established houbar
Page 140 and 141: Local communities involvement : Som
Page 142 and 143: Protected Area Majami’ al-Hadb Ad
Page 144 and 145: Threats to integrity : Unregulated
Page 146 and 147: Protected Area National Wildlife Re
Page 148 and 149: Responsibilities : Captive-breeding
Page 150 and 151: Wildlife : 1 Cultural/historical :
Page 152 and 153: 151 Water : Some permanent water se
Page 154 and 155: Other Stakeholders Local community
Page 156 and 157: 155
Page 158 and 159: Cultural Features Traditional uses
Page 160 and 161: Administrative features Category :
Page 162 and 163: Ranger chain of command : Day-to-da
Page 164 and 165: Category Group 1: High priority for
Page 166 and 167: Child & Grainger 1990; Fisher et al
Page 168 and 169: 167 Al-Dubyani, A. 2000. Kingdom to
Page 170 and 171: 169 Child, G. 1989. Socio-economic
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171 Green, A. A. 1984b. Wildlife re
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173 Richter, L. K. (Eds). Tourism E
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175 Powell, E. A. 1999. Saudi Arabi
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177 Seddon, P. J., Abuzinada, A. H.
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