Mac OS X Leopard - ARCAism

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294 CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCING DARWIN AND THE SHELL The first thing you may notice is that by default all directories (folders), files, and executables (applications) look the same when using the ls command (of course, in this example they all are directories). That’s because, as we previously mentioned, Darwin treats everything as a file. To differentiate between the different types of files, there are two primary options: • ls -F will append special files with a symbol to determine their type. It will add a / to directories, a * to executables, a @ to symbolic links (aliases), and a few other symbols for other special file types. • ls -G will colorize the output using different colors for different file types as well as other file options. For example, by default most directories will appear blue; however, worldwritable directories will appear black with a yellow background. Likewise, most executables will appear red and most symbolic links will appear purple—however, if certain attributes are set, this will not always be the case. NOTE One thing immediately noticeable to users moving to Darwin from Linux is that certain command-line commands are slightly different. For example, to colorize your output in Linux, one would traditionally use ls --color, and in some cases the output colors are different. This difference exists because UNIX comes in many different flavors and occasionally there is slight deviation in commands from one to the other. For example, some UNIX tools are derived from the traditional BSD camp, and they differ in some subtle ways from tools from the GNU camp. Linux almost always chooses its tools from the GNU camp, while Darwin tends to favor the BSD camp. While in general the tools will work the same, there are a few cases where there are minor differences—colorizing ls is one of those differences. Like most command-line commands, the options can be combined. For example, you can use -F and -G together: Desktop/ Library/ Music/ Public/ Documents/ Movies/ Pictures/ Sites/ Other important ls options include the following: • ls -l prints out a long list that will provide additional information about each file. We’ll cover what everything here means later in the “File Permissions and Attributes” section of this chapter, but for now the results will appear to be something like this: Leopard:~ scott$ ls -l total 0 drwx------+ 4 scott staff 136 Sep 3 07:00 Desktop drwx------+ 10 scott staff 340 Sep 3 21:03 Documents drwx------+ 4 scott staff 136 Sep 6 13:51 Downloads drwx------+ 38 scott staff 1292 Sep 2 22:44 Library drwx------+ 3 scott staff 102 Aug 25 14:54 Movies drwx------+ 6 scott staff 204 Aug 30 19:15 Music drwx------+ 4 scott staff 136 Aug 25 14:54 Pictures drwxr-xr-x+ 4 scott staff 136 Aug 25 14:54 Public drwxr-xr-x+ 5 scott staff 170 Aug 25 14:54 Sites • ls -a and ls -A print out a file listing that includes hidden dot files. There are two main types of files hidden on your computer—some that are by default hidden from the Finder, but will show up normally in Darwin; and others (the dot files) that are generally hidden in Darwin. These dot files (called that because they always begin with a .) are often preference or configuration files. They are usually hidden to reduce clutter and not for
some nefarious purpose (although you may find that some Quartz applications utilize these hidden files to hide something they really don’t want you to find). The main difference between ls -a and ls -A is that using ls -a will show two special files found in almost every directory—the . and the ..—which represent the current directory and the directory immediately above, respectively (these act the same as the . and .. files shown when issuing a dir command in the Microsoft Windows command prompt). A common ls -a on a home directory will produce quite a few more files than just a vanilla ls (three times as many or more is not uncommon): Leopard:~ scott$ ls -a . .bash_profile Desktop .. .bashrc Documents .CFUserTextEncoding .gdb_history Library .DS_Store .lpoptions Movies .MacOSX .parallels_settings Music .Trash .port_history Pictures .Xauthority .sqlite_history Public .adobe .ssh Sites .bash_history .viminfo While there are significantly more options available for the ls command, those are the most common, and should get you started on the right path. You may learn a few other options as you go along, and later you’ll learn about the man command, which will allow you to learn more about the ls command (and most others) than you care to know. Listing a Directory Other Than Your Current Directory Besides ls’s many options, ls will also accept a directory or file name as an argument. This allows you to view the contents of any directory without actually moving into that directory, or explore a single file’s attributes (using the -l option). For example, if I’m in my home directory, but want to view the files in my Documents folder, I can do this by adding Documents as an argument. For example: Leopard:~ scott$ ls -G Desktop/ Library/ Music/ Public/ Documents/ Movies/ Pictures/ Sites/ Leopard:~ scott$ ls -G Documents CDC Baseball/ Personal/ Stuff/ CDCrosters.pdf Projects/ Work/ Rails/ Writing/ eBooks/ Microsoft User Data/ Furthermore, if I want to find out more about a specific file, I can enter a command like this: Leopard:~ scott$ ls -l Documents/CDCrosters.pdf -rw-r--r-- 1 scott scott 25739 Apr 24 09:39 Documents/CDCrosters.pdf Now that you know how to list other directories, the next thing you may want to learn is how to move into them (virtually anyway). cd CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCING DARWIN AND THE SHELL 295 The cd command allows you to move from one directory to another (or as the command implies, it allows you to change directories). The cd command doesn’t have any options, and only accepts a path name as its single argument.
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Mac OS X Leopard: Beyond the Manual
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PART 5 Getting to Know Darwin CHAPT
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viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 The File Sy
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x CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 Managing Appli
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xii CONTENTS CHAPTER 12 Address Boo
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xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER 16 iLife ’08
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xvi CONTENTS CHAPTER 21 Port Forwar
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xviii CONTENTS CHAPTER 25 Quick Loo
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xx CONTENTS Running Microsoft Windo
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xxii Acknowledgments First of all,
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Getting to Know Leopard PART 1
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4 CHAPTER 1 WORKING IN LEOPARD: THE
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10 CHAPTER 1 WORKING IN LEOPARD: TH
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28 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Figure
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30 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Table
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32 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Table
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34 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM While
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36 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Hidden
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38 CHAPTER 3 USING SPOTLIGHT, EXPOS
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System Preferences Many of the conf
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Option Description Click in the scr
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Table 4-2. Desktop Image Aspect Sel
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Dock The Dock preference pane (Figu
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CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM PREFERENCES 59 Fig
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Figure 4-11. The Input Menu tab in
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Figure 4-13. The Spotlight preferen
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Figure 4-16. The Display tab of the
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NOTE As you may have noticed, click
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Figure 4-22. When you have multiple
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The Options tab (Figure 4-25) provi
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Figure 4-26. The Keyboard tab in th
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Figure 4-28. The Mouse tab on the K
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Processor When you install the Xcod
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Internet & Network The next section
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Selecting Login Options (Figure 4-3
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This window requires some basic inf
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Figure 4-44. The Time Zone tab in t
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Figure 4-47. The Simple Finder The
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Figure 4-49. The Mail & iChat tab o
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Figure 4-52. The Software Update pr
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The Text to Speech tab (Figure 4-55
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Figure 4-57. The Seeing tab of the
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Figure 4-60. The Keyboard tab provi
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Today more and more features are bu
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At this point, you may be skeptical
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CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO
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CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO
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Figure 5-7. The printer Options she
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Connecting Bluetooth Devices Blueto
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The Bluetooth Setup Assistant will
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Figure 5-18. Finished successfully!
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CAUTION To eject media in Leopard,
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Connecting Other Peripherals Beside
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The Ink preference pane (Figure 5-2
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122 CHAPTER 6 COMMON LEOPARD MAINTE
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136 CHAPTER 7 BACKUP, SYNCHRONIZATI
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144 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY •
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146 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY NOTE
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148 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Figu
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150 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Figu
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152 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY •
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154 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Summ
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Connecting to the Internet One of t
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Usually those three steps should ge
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NOTE One application notably missin
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Technology Description CHAPTER 9 CO
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Making an Ethernet Connection CHAPT
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Figure 9-7. A PPPoE connection work
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LEAP: Lightweight Extensible Authen
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Browsing the Web with Safari Leopar
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Figure 10-2. You can customize your
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Menu/Submenu Item Keyboard Shortcut
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Figure 10-4. All of your bookmarks,
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Figure 10-6. Safari running with ma
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CHAPTER 10 BROWSING THE WEB WITH SA
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Figure 10-10. The AutoFill options
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Private Browsing Another way to pro
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RSS Feeds in Safari RSS (Really Sim
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On the right side of the view area
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Figure 10-16. Selecting a region in
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Mail, Address Book, and iCal Mail T
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Item Keyboard Shortcut Description
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Figure 11-2. The first step in addi
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CHAPTER 11 MAIL, ADDRESS BOOK, AND
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When you select a message, its cont
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Creating Mail Rules CHAPTER 11 MAIL
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Figure 11-11. Mail will open a shee
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Using Mail Stationery The Mail appl
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Figure 11-14. Leopard’s Address B
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Creating Groups You might want to c
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Figure 11-17. iCal in Leopard (Week
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Adding Time Zone Support iCal has a
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iChat Instant messaging has been ga
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Figure 12-2. The Account Setup shee
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NOTE For more options, see the “C
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Ironically, the IM central server a
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For best results, select an even, n
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NOTE The Share My Screen... and Ask
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• Collect chats into a single win
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344 CHAPTER 19 EXTENDING THE POWER
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Leopard Networking The Mac is known
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Selecting Always Allow will add the
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You can also use Little Snitch to s
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theory behind Ping is that any mach
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So, while Network Utility is a good
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Apple includes a second utility for
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Figure 20-11. Setting up port forwa
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366 CHAPTER 21 WORKING WITH REMOTE
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Leopard As a Web Server There are s
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Figure 22-3. The Networking pane of
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If you’re developing web content,
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VirtualHost If you’ve got a web s
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What makes this directive interesti
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all that stuff is now handled autom
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Figure 22-7. The MySQL pane in Syst
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Domain Name Tricks Were you so incl
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PART Leopard Development and Script
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402 CHAPTER 23 MAC OS X AUTOMATION
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What is it about the Mac that makes
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Figure 24-2. Cocoa components in In
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Figure 24-3. Core Data modeling in
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Not so fast! CHAPTER 24 MAC OS X DE
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Figure 24-6. Address Book’s Peopl
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CHAPTER 24 MAC OS X DEVELOPMENT: TH
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Publication Subscription Syndicatio
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Figure 24-16. Core Animation’s ef
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On Mac OS X, this abstraction goes
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Ruby is the new hotness, and it shi
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WebObjects A kind of Cocoa for the
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448 CHAPTER 25 MAC OS X DEVELOPMENT
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Occasionally while using Leopard, y
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CHAPTER 27 WORKING WITH MICROSOFT W
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Appendixes
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526 APPENDIX A WHAT’S NEW WITH LE
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544 APPENDIX B INSTALLING MAC OS X
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Index Symbols and Numerics # (hash)
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alloc method, Objective-C, 483, 492
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Attach File command, Mail, 199 atta
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CalDAV standard, 430 iCal and, 227
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emote computing by Secure Shell in
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digital cameras connecting, 117-118
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saving text, 318, 319 searching tex
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filters Core Image filters, 439 Ima
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ftps (FTP Secure), 367 function key
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Instant Message framework, 431 inte
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IP addresses, 163 configuring Mac f
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list (port list) command, MacPorts,
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memory management, Objective-C, 482
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New Message window, Mail, 217 New N
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password sheet creating keychains a
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opening, 106 Supply Levels tab, 106
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unning PowerPC code, 518 Rotate too
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Services option, Mail, 198 set comm
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Spotlight Comments section, Info wi
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identifying differences in document
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users running commands, 303 who els
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Window items, Safari, 178 Window me
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