Mac OS X Leopard - ARCAism

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298 CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCING DARWIN AND THE SHELL Darwin. Of course, like all things before you are able to unleash the power of Darwin, you need to learn a few basic commands for working with files and directories. These basics are shown and described in Table 18-4. Table 18-4. File and Directory Management Commands Command Usage Description cat cat filename The cat command lists the contents of a file. This command was originally written to perform concatenation functions, so if used improperly, this could have unexpected results. head head [-n #] filename The head command allows you to display just the beginning of a long file using the -n option followed by the number of lines you wish to view. tail tail [-n #] filename The tail command allows you to display just the end of a long file using the -n option followed by the number of lines you wish to view. cp cp filename filecopy cp creates copies of files. mv mv filename newfilename mv is interesting in that it is used both to move files from one location to another and to rename files. rm rm filename rm permanently and immediately removes a file (or files). mkdir mkdir newdirectory mkdir is used to create new directories. rmdir rmdir directory rmdir is a special command used to delete directories. It’s a safer option than rm in that it will not delete a nonempty directory (which at times makes it more frustrating as well). touch touch filename touch will create a new empty file. (If the file, however, already exists, touch will merely alter the date it was last accessed.) CAUTION Irresponsible uses of rm can result in very bad things happening—for example, if you happen to be utilizing root privileges (which, in general, you probably shouldn’t), and happen to type rm -R /* at the command line, your system will immediately begin to delete itself and everything contained within it until it deletes enough of itself that it can’t continue . . . ever. (By the way, the -R option stands for recursive, a handy option found in many commands.) To illustrate how all of these work, I’ve created a test file named soliloquy4 in a directory named Shakespeare. First we can use the cat command to view the file: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ cat soliloquy4 Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Now if we weren’t sure what this file was (or how long it was), we could use head to view just the first three lines: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ head -n 3 soliloquy4 Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, Likewise, we could use tail to view the last three lines: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ tail -n 3 soliloquy4 And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. NOTE Like many OSs these days, OS X keeps rather long log files about many of the things happening on the system. While there are many dedicated viewers for many of these files, these files are often very, very long. For such files, tail can be a godsend. For example, if you ran a busy web server for which you wanted to see the details of the last 50 hits, you could use tail -n 50 /var/log/httpd/access_log. To make a copy of our file, we would use the cp command: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ ls soliloquy4 Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ cp soliloquy4 macbethsolo Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ ls macbethsolo soliloquy4 We could then create a new subdirectory: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ mkdir Macbeth Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ ls Macbeth/ macbethsolo soliloquy4 and then move one of the files into our new directory: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ mv soliloquy4 Macbeth/soliloquy4 Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ ls Macbeth/ macbethsolo Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ ls Macbeth/ soliloquy4 We can also use the mv command to rename a file: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ mv macbethsolo tomorrow Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ ls Macbeth/ tomorrow Next we could try to remove our Macbeth directory: Leopard:~/Documents/Shakespeare scott$ rmdir Macbeth/ rmdir: Macbeth/: Directory not empty CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCING DARWIN AND THE SHELL 299
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Mac OS X Leopard: Beyond the Manual
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PART 5 Getting to Know Darwin CHAPT
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viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 The File Sy
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x CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 Managing Appli
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xii CONTENTS CHAPTER 12 Address Boo
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xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER 16 iLife ’08
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xvi CONTENTS CHAPTER 21 Port Forwar
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xviii CONTENTS CHAPTER 25 Quick Loo
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xx CONTENTS Running Microsoft Windo
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xxii Acknowledgments First of all,
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Getting to Know Leopard PART 1
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4 CHAPTER 1 WORKING IN LEOPARD: THE
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10 CHAPTER 1 WORKING IN LEOPARD: TH
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28 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Figure
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30 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Table
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32 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Table
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34 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM While
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36 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Hidden
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38 CHAPTER 3 USING SPOTLIGHT, EXPOS
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System Preferences Many of the conf
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Option Description Click in the scr
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Table 4-2. Desktop Image Aspect Sel
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Dock The Dock preference pane (Figu
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CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM PREFERENCES 59 Fig
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Figure 4-11. The Input Menu tab in
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Figure 4-13. The Spotlight preferen
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Figure 4-16. The Display tab of the
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NOTE As you may have noticed, click
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Figure 4-22. When you have multiple
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The Options tab (Figure 4-25) provi
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Figure 4-26. The Keyboard tab in th
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Figure 4-28. The Mouse tab on the K
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Processor When you install the Xcod
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Internet & Network The next section
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Selecting Login Options (Figure 4-3
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This window requires some basic inf
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Figure 4-44. The Time Zone tab in t
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Figure 4-47. The Simple Finder The
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Figure 4-49. The Mail & iChat tab o
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Figure 4-52. The Software Update pr
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The Text to Speech tab (Figure 4-55
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Figure 4-57. The Seeing tab of the
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Figure 4-60. The Keyboard tab provi
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Today more and more features are bu
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At this point, you may be skeptical
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CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO
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CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO
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Figure 5-7. The printer Options she
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Connecting Bluetooth Devices Blueto
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The Bluetooth Setup Assistant will
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Figure 5-18. Finished successfully!
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CAUTION To eject media in Leopard,
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Connecting Other Peripherals Beside
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The Ink preference pane (Figure 5-2
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122 CHAPTER 6 COMMON LEOPARD MAINTE
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136 CHAPTER 7 BACKUP, SYNCHRONIZATI
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144 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY •
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146 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY NOTE
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148 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Figu
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150 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Figu
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152 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY •
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154 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Summ
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Connecting to the Internet One of t
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Usually those three steps should ge
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NOTE One application notably missin
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Technology Description CHAPTER 9 CO
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Making an Ethernet Connection CHAPT
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Figure 9-7. A PPPoE connection work
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LEAP: Lightweight Extensible Authen
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Browsing the Web with Safari Leopar
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Figure 10-2. You can customize your
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Menu/Submenu Item Keyboard Shortcut
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Figure 10-4. All of your bookmarks,
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Figure 10-6. Safari running with ma
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CHAPTER 10 BROWSING THE WEB WITH SA
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Figure 10-10. The AutoFill options
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Private Browsing Another way to pro
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RSS Feeds in Safari RSS (Really Sim
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On the right side of the view area
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Figure 10-16. Selecting a region in
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Mail, Address Book, and iCal Mail T
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Item Keyboard Shortcut Description
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Figure 11-2. The first step in addi
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CHAPTER 11 MAIL, ADDRESS BOOK, AND
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When you select a message, its cont
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Creating Mail Rules CHAPTER 11 MAIL
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Figure 11-11. Mail will open a shee
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Using Mail Stationery The Mail appl
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Figure 11-14. Leopard’s Address B
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Creating Groups You might want to c
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Figure 11-17. iCal in Leopard (Week
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Adding Time Zone Support iCal has a
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iChat Instant messaging has been ga
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Figure 12-2. The Account Setup shee
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NOTE For more options, see the “C
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Ironically, the IM central server a
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For best results, select an even, n
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NOTE The Share My Screen... and Ask
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• Collect chats into a single win
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Figure 12-14. Tabbed chat helps you
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Working with Applications PART 4
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348 CHAPTER 19 EXTENDING THE POWER
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Leopard Networking The Mac is known
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Selecting Always Allow will add the
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You can also use Little Snitch to s
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theory behind Ping is that any mach
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So, while Network Utility is a good
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Apple includes a second utility for
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Figure 20-11. Setting up port forwa
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366 CHAPTER 21 WORKING WITH REMOTE
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Leopard As a Web Server There are s
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Figure 22-3. The Networking pane of
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If you’re developing web content,
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VirtualHost If you’ve got a web s
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What makes this directive interesti
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all that stuff is now handled autom
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Figure 22-7. The MySQL pane in Syst
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Domain Name Tricks Were you so incl
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PART Leopard Development and Script
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402 CHAPTER 23 MAC OS X AUTOMATION
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What is it about the Mac that makes
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Figure 24-2. Cocoa components in In
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Figure 24-3. Core Data modeling in
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Not so fast! CHAPTER 24 MAC OS X DE
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Figure 24-6. Address Book’s Peopl
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CHAPTER 24 MAC OS X DEVELOPMENT: TH
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Publication Subscription Syndicatio
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Figure 24-16. Core Animation’s ef
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On Mac OS X, this abstraction goes
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Ruby is the new hotness, and it shi
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WebObjects A kind of Cocoa for the
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448 CHAPTER 25 MAC OS X DEVELOPMENT
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Occasionally while using Leopard, y
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CHAPTER 27 WORKING WITH MICROSOFT W
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Appendixes
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526 APPENDIX A WHAT’S NEW WITH LE
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544 APPENDIX B INSTALLING MAC OS X
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Index Symbols and Numerics # (hash)
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alloc method, Objective-C, 483, 492
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Attach File command, Mail, 199 atta
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CalDAV standard, 430 iCal and, 227
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emote computing by Secure Shell in
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digital cameras connecting, 117-118
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saving text, 318, 319 searching tex
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filters Core Image filters, 439 Ima
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ftps (FTP Secure), 367 function key
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Instant Message framework, 431 inte
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IP addresses, 163 configuring Mac f
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list (port list) command, MacPorts,
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memory management, Objective-C, 482
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New Message window, Mail, 217 New N
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password sheet creating keychains a
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opening, 106 Supply Levels tab, 106
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unning PowerPC code, 518 Rotate too
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Services option, Mail, 198 set comm
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Spotlight Comments section, Info wi
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identifying differences in document
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users running commands, 303 who els
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Window items, Safari, 178 Window me
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