Mac OS X Leopard - ARCAism

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308 CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCING DARWIN AND THE SHELL Pipes Piping one command into another is a great way to make even the simplest Darwin tools do powerful things. We saw this previously when we piped the ps command into the less command. The pipe symbol is the | (which is the tall line that lives above the \ on a normal US Mac keyboard). In practice, this takes the first command and sends the output into the second. Commands like less rely almost entirely on the ability to pipe one command into it, and other commands become much more useful with this ability. For example, the ability to take commands that produce large amounts of output and pipe that content into a filter (like the grep command) can save lots of time and headaches. Redirects A redirect allows you to alter what happens to the output of a command, or alternately direct the content of a file into a command. The symbols for redirection are < and >. A very simple use of a redirect is to create a text file using echo, like this: Leopard:~ scott$ echo "Hello my name is Scott" > name.txt Leopard:~ scott$ cat name.txt Hello my name is Scott The echo command normally would just print out whatever you feed into it back to your terminal, but here we redirected the output to name.txt (which may or may not have existed). CAUTION If you are redirecting data into an existing file, the entire contents of that file will be replaced with the new data. So be very careful with this command. If you wanted to redirect additional data into an existing file (rather than replace the content, which the > always does), >> can be used to append the new data to the old: Leopard:~ scott$ echo " Hello Scott" >> name.txt Leopard:~ scott$ cat name.txt Hello my name is Scott Hello Scott Leopard:~ scott$ echo "Ooops" > name.txt Leopard:~ scott$ cat name.txt Ooops Background Tasks Any Darwin command can be issued to run in the background with the & symbol tacked onto the end of the command. This is particularly useful when you want to start a command that may take a long time to finish, or when running a task that you want to keep running indefinitely. For example, if we wanted to use the find command to find something with the name motd somewhere on our system, knowing that this may take some time, we may want to run it in the background. Here’s an annotated example of this: Leopard:~ scott$ find / -name "motd" > found 2> found_err & [1] 358 Here we start our find command in the background. We are redirecting our output to a file named found. Also, the 2> found_err will redirect any error messages to a file named found_err (otherwise, even though the command is running in the background, error messages would still spam our terminal). Leopard:~ scott$ jobs [1]+ Running find / -name "motd" >found 2>found_err &
The jobs command gives us a list of all of our background tasks and tells us their state (in this case our only task is running). Leopard:~ scott$ fg find / -name "motd" >found 2>found_err The fg command will bring forward the first running task (which for now is our only task). Since the command is running in the foreground, we can no longer use the terminal unless we pause the process. We can do this using the Ctrl+Z key combo. ^Z [1]+ Stopped find / -name "motd" >found 2>found_err When we use Ctrl+Z, we are giving the message that our task has stopped. We can now resume this task in the background using bg. Leopard:~ scott$ bg [1]+ find / -name "motd" >found 2>found_err & While this task runs, let’s start another background task. Leopard:~ scott$ (sleep 30; echo "done")& [2] 359 Leopard:~ scott$ jobs [1]- Running find / -name "motd" >found 2>found_err & [2]+ Running ( sleep 30; echo "done" ) & Now we have two jobs running in the background, our find command is still chugging along, and we have our new command (which will wait, or sleep, 30 seconds, and then run the echo "done" command. Notice that each job has been giving a number. Our find command is [1] and our sleep command is [2]. To pull our sleep command into the foreground, we must specify that we want job 2: Leopard:~ scott$ fg 2 ( sleep 30; echo "done" ) done Eventually, the sleep command will complete and echo “done” to the terminal. At this point, we can continue to use our terminal, and eventually we will get a message that our find command has completed: [1]+ Exit 1 find / -name "motd" >found 2>found_err Leopard:~ scott$ cat found /private/etc/motd Working As Root CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCING DARWIN AND THE SHELL 309 In Darwin, the root user is synonymous with the administrator, superuser, or all-knowing, alldoing, grand poobah. Working as root is sort of like splitting the atom: great potential for good, great potential for total destruction . . . in the case of root, that which gets destroyed can vary from an important file to all of your data and the OS itself. Traditionally, root has no boundaries and no restrictions, and can override all the security safeguards on the system. As such, you should never use it. (Sometimes, though, if it’s your personal computer, and you really want to do certain things, you may have to).
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Mac OS X Leopard: Beyond the Manual
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PART 5 Getting to Know Darwin CHAPT
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viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 The File Sy
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x CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 Managing Appli
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xii CONTENTS CHAPTER 12 Address Boo
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xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER 16 iLife ’08
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xvi CONTENTS CHAPTER 21 Port Forwar
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xviii CONTENTS CHAPTER 25 Quick Loo
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xx CONTENTS Running Microsoft Windo
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xxii Acknowledgments First of all,
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Getting to Know Leopard PART 1
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4 CHAPTER 1 WORKING IN LEOPARD: THE
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10 CHAPTER 1 WORKING IN LEOPARD: TH
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28 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Figure
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30 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Table
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32 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Table
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34 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM While
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36 CHAPTER 2 THE FILE SYSTEM Hidden
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38 CHAPTER 3 USING SPOTLIGHT, EXPOS
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System Preferences Many of the conf
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Option Description Click in the scr
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Table 4-2. Desktop Image Aspect Sel
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Dock The Dock preference pane (Figu
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CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM PREFERENCES 59 Fig
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Figure 4-11. The Input Menu tab in
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Figure 4-13. The Spotlight preferen
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Figure 4-16. The Display tab of the
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NOTE As you may have noticed, click
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Figure 4-22. When you have multiple
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The Options tab (Figure 4-25) provi
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Figure 4-26. The Keyboard tab in th
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Figure 4-28. The Mouse tab on the K
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Processor When you install the Xcod
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Internet & Network The next section
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Selecting Login Options (Figure 4-3
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This window requires some basic inf
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Figure 4-44. The Time Zone tab in t
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Figure 4-47. The Simple Finder The
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Figure 4-49. The Mail & iChat tab o
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Figure 4-52. The Software Update pr
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The Text to Speech tab (Figure 4-55
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Figure 4-57. The Seeing tab of the
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Figure 4-60. The Keyboard tab provi
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Today more and more features are bu
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At this point, you may be skeptical
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CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO
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CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO
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Figure 5-7. The printer Options she
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Connecting Bluetooth Devices Blueto
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The Bluetooth Setup Assistant will
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Figure 5-18. Finished successfully!
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CAUTION To eject media in Leopard,
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Connecting Other Peripherals Beside
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The Ink preference pane (Figure 5-2
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122 CHAPTER 6 COMMON LEOPARD MAINTE
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136 CHAPTER 7 BACKUP, SYNCHRONIZATI
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144 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY •
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146 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY NOTE
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148 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Figu
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150 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Figu
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152 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY •
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154 CHAPTER 8 LEOPARD SECURITY Summ
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Connecting to the Internet One of t
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Usually those three steps should ge
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NOTE One application notably missin
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Technology Description CHAPTER 9 CO
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Making an Ethernet Connection CHAPT
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Figure 9-7. A PPPoE connection work
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LEAP: Lightweight Extensible Authen
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Browsing the Web with Safari Leopar
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Figure 10-2. You can customize your
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Menu/Submenu Item Keyboard Shortcut
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Figure 10-4. All of your bookmarks,
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Figure 10-6. Safari running with ma
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CHAPTER 10 BROWSING THE WEB WITH SA
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Figure 10-10. The AutoFill options
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Private Browsing Another way to pro
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RSS Feeds in Safari RSS (Really Sim
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On the right side of the view area
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Figure 10-16. Selecting a region in
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Mail, Address Book, and iCal Mail T
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Item Keyboard Shortcut Description
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Figure 11-2. The first step in addi
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CHAPTER 11 MAIL, ADDRESS BOOK, AND
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When you select a message, its cont
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Creating Mail Rules CHAPTER 11 MAIL
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Figure 11-11. Mail will open a shee
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Using Mail Stationery The Mail appl
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Figure 11-14. Leopard’s Address B
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Creating Groups You might want to c
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Figure 11-17. iCal in Leopard (Week
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Adding Time Zone Support iCal has a
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iChat Instant messaging has been ga
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Figure 12-2. The Account Setup shee
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NOTE For more options, see the “C
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Ironically, the IM central server a
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For best results, select an even, n
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NOTE The Share My Screen... and Ask
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• Collect chats into a single win
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Figure 12-14. Tabbed chat helps you
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Working with Applications PART 4
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248 CHAPTER 13 APPLICATION BASICS S
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250 CHAPTER 13 APPLICATION BASICS F
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252 CHAPTER 13 APPLICATION BASICS F
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254 CHAPTER 13 APPLICATION BASICS T
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256 CHAPTER 14 APPLE APPS INCLUDED
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So, while Network Utility is a good
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Apple includes a second utility for
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Figure 20-11. Setting up port forwa
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366 CHAPTER 21 WORKING WITH REMOTE
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Leopard As a Web Server There are s
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Figure 22-3. The Networking pane of
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If you’re developing web content,
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VirtualHost If you’ve got a web s
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What makes this directive interesti
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all that stuff is now handled autom
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Figure 22-7. The MySQL pane in Syst
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Domain Name Tricks Were you so incl
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PART Leopard Development and Script
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402 CHAPTER 23 MAC OS X AUTOMATION
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What is it about the Mac that makes
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Figure 24-2. Cocoa components in In
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Figure 24-3. Core Data modeling in
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Not so fast! CHAPTER 24 MAC OS X DE
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Figure 24-6. Address Book’s Peopl
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CHAPTER 24 MAC OS X DEVELOPMENT: TH
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Publication Subscription Syndicatio
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Figure 24-16. Core Animation’s ef
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On Mac OS X, this abstraction goes
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Ruby is the new hotness, and it shi
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WebObjects A kind of Cocoa for the
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448 CHAPTER 25 MAC OS X DEVELOPMENT
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Occasionally while using Leopard, y
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CHAPTER 27 WORKING WITH MICROSOFT W
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Appendixes
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526 APPENDIX A WHAT’S NEW WITH LE
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544 APPENDIX B INSTALLING MAC OS X
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Index Symbols and Numerics # (hash)
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alloc method, Objective-C, 483, 492
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Attach File command, Mail, 199 atta
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CalDAV standard, 430 iCal and, 227
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emote computing by Secure Shell in
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digital cameras connecting, 117-118
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saving text, 318, 319 searching tex
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filters Core Image filters, 439 Ima
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ftps (FTP Secure), 367 function key
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Instant Message framework, 431 inte
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IP addresses, 163 configuring Mac f
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list (port list) command, MacPorts,
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memory management, Objective-C, 482
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New Message window, Mail, 217 New N
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password sheet creating keychains a
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opening, 106 Supply Levels tab, 106
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unning PowerPC code, 518 Rotate too
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Services option, Mail, 198 set comm
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Spotlight Comments section, Info wi
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identifying differences in document
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users running commands, 303 who els
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Window items, Safari, 178 Window me
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Mac OS X Leopard - ARCAism

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