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Mac OS X Leopard - ARCAism

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Ruby is the new hotness, and it ships with <strong>Leopard</strong>, alongside Rails, its development framework.<br />

Much like Python, Ruby is bridged to Cocoa and comes with a framework and many of<br />

the common libraries and tools Ruby programmers enjoy. Like Python, Ruby developers get<br />

their own Ruby Cocoa templates right in Xcode.<br />

Carbon<br />

CHAPTER 24 MAC <strong>OS</strong> X DEVELOPMENT: THE APPLICATION FRAMEWORKS 443<br />

When Apple bought NeXT in 1997, NeXT’s operating system, NeXTSTEP, became the new<br />

<strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> X. The old <strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong>, then on its ninth iteration, <strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> 9, was deprecated, but not<br />

eliminated. To smooth the transition, the <strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> 9 operating environment became a part of<br />

<strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> X, called Classic. <strong>Mac</strong> users could use their old <strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> 9 applications alongside native<br />

applications.<br />

Eventually, everything deemed important became a native <strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> X application, and<br />

Classic went away. For those newer to the platform, this is exactly what is happening with<br />

Rosetta, a Classic-like compatibility environment that allows users to run their old PowerPC<br />

applications. Eventually, everything will be a universal binary, and Rosetta too will go away.<br />

The developer frameworks of <strong>Mac</strong> <strong>OS</strong> 9 likewise did not simply vanish. They were rolled<br />

into an application framework called Carbon, shown in Figure 24-20. For ten years, Carbon and<br />

Cocoa lived side by side. Cocoa continued to expand and mature, and new Carbon development<br />

slowed and eventually came to a stop.<br />

Figure 24-20. iTunes was written with Carbon.<br />

That being said, Carbon is not going away any time soon. However, new frameworks are<br />

being developed exclusively for Cocoa. For example, while the new 64-bit frameworks include<br />

Carbon, there is no Carbon UI. Rather, Carbon developers who wish to take advantage of new<br />

development, such as 64-bit, will have to do so with the Cocoa frameworks.<br />

Fortunately, Carbon and Cocoa are compatible, so just as Cocoa developers can dip into<br />

Carbon, something that happens less and less as Cocoa has matured, Carbon developers can dip<br />

into Cocoa, something that will happen more and more as time goes on.

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