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2**. forging- Stamping - Hoar Treating axle center is found in the "Witherow" process. With this method the blank is broken down from 4 in. x 4 in. billets by several passes through rolls into a convenient shape for forging. The channel is rolled in place, and the ends are so designed that they may be forged into the desired shape under a drop hammer. Figs. 33. 34, 35 and 36 illustrate the different stages required to convert a Witherow blank into a Reverse Elliot type of axle center. Fig. 33 represents the blank as it is furnihsed to the forge shop. The blank is next heated and blocked, and assumes the shape shown in Fig. 34. From the blocking impression it is transferred to the finished impression in the die where it assumes the shape illustrated in Fig. 35. From this operation the FIGS. 33 to 36—Witherow process is a recent development in the forging of a front axle. component is placed under a trimming press, the flash is removed, and in a separate operation the spring pads are padded. These forgings are forged one end at a time, and are usually held from y2 to y of an inch short between the king pin bosses. By this means of forging. the axle center can be stretched to length. As this length cannot be held to the exact dimensions in the stretching operation, the axle engineers have allowed certain tolerances which this dimension may vary. Stretching is done in either a press or bulldozer. Fig. 40 shows a press and fixtures used for performing this operation. From this operation the I-beam is transferred to the heat treating department where it is normalized, quenched, drawn and given a 100 per cent Brinell inspection. From here it is transferred to the straightening department where all kinks are removed under a power press (Fig. 38), and from here to the pull down bench where the finishing touches are administered. This operation removes all the rock from the beam, and places the king pin bosses in proper alignment. (Fig. 39.) The parts are then pickled and transferred to the rough inspection department where they are inspected TABLE I. September, 1925 for burns, cracks, seams, laps, overall length, angle of king pin bosses, depth and width of channel, and flatness of pad. No beam is allowed to enter production that shows more than 1/32 in. rock on the spring pads, or that is more than 1/32 in. undersize on the depth or width of the channel section. Forgings that show serious metallurgical defects are immediately scrapped in this operation. The forgings are now ready for the machine shop. Machining. Fig. 31 is a line drawing of an inverted Elliot type axle center, and gives a fair idea of the machine work required. The first operation consists of milling the ends of the king pin bosses square. This operation is performed in an ordinary type of milling machine equipped with a special jig. From here the component is transferred to a Baker drill press for drilling the king pin holes. This machine is equipped with a floating type jig. which is so designed as to insure the proper angle of the king pin holes which are not allowed to vary more than 15 minutes. The axle forging is placed in the jig against two Y-blocks, one at each end. The pads are held square bv means of balances placed under each spring pad. The ends of the forgings are clamped into position by individual clamps, and the whole assembly is locked to the base by means of a centrally located clamp. These clamps are cam operated, and permit speed in their operation. ( Fig. 37.) When the drilling is completed on one end, it is only necessary to loosen the center swivel clamp and rotate the jig into position to take care of the machining on the opposite boss. With this construction one operator can run two machines drilling, rough and semi-finish reaming these holes. The next operation in sequence is spotfacing the top and bottom of the king pin bosses to size. It is important in this operation to hold these faces perfectly square, and maintain the proper height of these bosses. The knuckle lock pin hole is drilled and reamed. the king pin holes are then finished reamed, this operation being done by hand and the diameter held within one-half thousandth of an inch. The forging is next given the finished inspection for size, and then passed to the assembly floor. Materials. The materials used in the fabrication of front axle centers are varied; no particular grade of steel is singled out as being the best; each manufacturer has his favorite analysis. The variation that exists may be noted by referring to Table I, which gives the chemical analysis of some of the front axle centers that were found under various makes of cars. Axle Xo. S. A. E. Xo. Carbon Manganese Chromium Xickel Vanadium Molybdenum 1 - 3 4 5 1040 1035 4130 3135 6125 .420 .365 .335 .395 .275 .79 .73 .62 .83 .78 .86 .52 1.10 1.35 .17 .13
September, 1925 Brging- Stamping - Hoaf Treating FIG. 37—Drilling the king pin holes. FIG. 38—Power press used to straighten and remove kinks. FIG. 39—Removing the rock from the beam and aligning king pin bosses. FIG. 40 — Press and fixtures for stretching the front axle. 297
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January, 1925 BEAUDRY UTILITY HAMME
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January, 1925 Arc Welding and Cutti
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February, 1925 ing in accordance wi
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February, 1925 Hadfield, Robert A.
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February, 1925 a condition which am
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May, 1925 Briguet spiral to one of
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May, 1925* ing force of its suspens
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May, 1925 Lebanon Drop Forge Shop B
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May, 1925 R. A. Rawson, formerly of
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May, 1925 1416 K Street, N. W., for
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June, 1925 Case No. 229,816. Two me
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June, 1925 An operation closely all
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June, 1925 to control the outer sli
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June, 1925 Microscopic Examination
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July, 1925 decreased. It should als
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October, 1925 Instead of stamping e
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October. 1925 practical application
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October, 1925 "Except for minor app
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Heavy Duty End Mill rt; The Tomkir.
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November, 1925 ductility. The exten
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November, 1925 from injurious gases
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November, 1925 was reached. This mo
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November, 1925 aspect to the econom
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November, 1925 common honesty; but
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