BBBBflt] «BlJIUrIrlr - Clpdigital.org

More documents

Recommendations

Info

M Fbrging-Stamping - Heat Treating Materials Used for High-Resistance Alloys. The metallic combinations which are commerciallyavailable for high-resistance materials are made in general from nickel, iron or copper, melted in binary or ternary combinations with manganese or chromium. All of these metals are comparatively cheap, are available in sufficient quantity for commercial production and resist oxidation satisfactorily over the range of temperature which limits their use. For the purpose of classification we may divide the various alloys into three groups: Group A. — Materials of high resistance available for units running at temperatures below 500 deg. C. Group B. — Materials of high resistance for units running at temperatures above 500 deg. C.; and Group C.—Materials having special properties other than high resistance used in units at room temperature. Temperature, deg. Cent. 20 200 500 600 700 900 1000 February, 1925 Grade C and Grade D. Intentional additions of manganese in the two latter affect to a considerable degree the electrical properties of the material. The specific resistance of nickel can be increased by the addition of metals which form solid solutions with it. The commonest additions are copper and iron. Among the nickel-copper alloys are monel and Advance, the former having a preponderating amount of nickel, the latter of copper. Among the nickel-iron alloys used, the most important are Alloy No. 141 and Alloy No. 193, the former having an excess of nickel, the latter an excess of iron. The variations in resistance of samples of these materials at various temperatures and their specific resistances at 20 deg. C. are given in Table 1. The chemical compositions of the wires used in these observations are given in Table II. The values given in Table I, with the exception of TABLE I—VARIATION IN RESISTANCE OF A NUMBER OF MATERIALS WITH TEMPERATURE Expressed as the ratio of resistance at the various temperatures to resistance at 20 deg. C. For complete chemical compositions, see Table II. Electrolytic Nickel 1.00 1.45 2.07 2.86 3.69 4.00 4.31 4.62 4.93 5.24 5.64 Grade A Nickel 1.00 1.43 2.06 2.83 3.52 3.87 4.15 4.44 4.73 5.04 5.38 Grade C Nickel 1.00 1.36 1.90 2.58 3.02 3.26 3.49 3.73 3.96 4.22 4.50 Specific Resistance at 20 deg. C, Ohms per Mil-Foot 58.6 64 84 Grade D Nickel 1.00 1.29 1.68 2.10 2.31 2.46 2.62 2.78 2.94 3.13 3.32 117 Monel 1.000 1.160 1.215 1.255 1.295 1.340 1.385 1.435 1.485 1.550 1.630 268 Advance 1.000 0.9992 0.9995 1.002 1.006 1.020 1.039 290 Alloy No. 141 TABLE 11.—CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF THE MATERIALS REPORTED IN TABLE I. 1.00 1.40 1.93 2.54 3.20 3.96 4.78 4.94 5.06 5.20 5.33 124 Alloy No. 193 The analysis given for alloy No. 193 is an approximate analysis only. The other values given are t samples used to obtain the results detailed in Table I. Material Nickel Copper Iron Carbon Manganese Silicon Chromium Electrolytic Nickel 99.80 0.25 0.15 Grade A Nickel 98.85 0.24 0.65 0.08 0.08 0.03 Grade C Nickel 96.15 0.40 0.89 0.22 2.10 0.18 Grade D Nickel 94.10 0.16 0.74 0.08 4.75 0.13 Monel 68.10 27.66 2.40 1.16 1.50 0.11 Advance 44.00 54.00 0.45 ... 1.16 Alloy No. 141 69.33 0.16 28.86 0.22 1.30 0.13 Alloy No. 193 30.00 .... 67.00 0.22 1.00 .. 2 Group A.—Alloys for Use Below 500° C. The alloys in this group have nickel as their major component. Nickel alone has usually been considered to be unsatisfactory by reason of its low specific resistance at room temperature. Nickel has, however, two valuable properties which render it useful as a resistor material. It resists oxidation at elevated temperatures better than any of the commoner metals. It has further a high temperature coefficient of electrical resistance, the effect of which on the electrical resistance at high temperature is indicated in subsequent tables. Nickel can be obtained commercially in several grades. The purest obtainable is electrolytic nickel and following in order of lesser purity are Grade A, 1.000 1.093 1.198 1.292 1.365 1.425 1.472 1.504 1.538 1.585 530 those for Advance, are plotted as a function of the temperature in Figs. 1 and 2. These curves are characteristic of the various grades of nickel and monel metal. Slight variations in composition will of course change the actual values for the resistance at any temperature, but the trend of the curve remains the same. The change in slope of each curve is due to the fact that at the corresponding temperature the metal is changing from the magnetic to the non-magnetic condition. The transformation points as obtained from the curves are as follows: Grade A Nickel 350 Deg. C. Grade C Nickel 320 Deg. C. Grade D Nickel 275 Deg. C. Monel Metal 93 Deg. C.
February, 1925 F<strong>org</strong>ing- Stamping - Heat Treating TABLE III.—VARIATION IN RESISTANCE OF ALLOYS OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM WITH TEMPERATURE Expressed as the ratio of resistance at the various temperatures to resistance at 20 deg. C. Temperature, deg. Cent. N(J_ s Nichrome III I Nichrome IV No. 6 No. 1 No. 4 No. 11* No. 10 No. 13 Mean B D1 20 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 300 1.055 1.034 1.047 1.037 1.057 1.040 1.039 1.043 1.034 1.027 1.026 1.025 400 1.066 1.047 1.063 1.051 1.068 1.051 1.053 1.056 1.046 1.036 1.032 1.036 500 1.073 1.060 1.071 1.063 1.075 1.060 1.063 1.066 1.060 1.045 1.041 1.042 600 1.071 1.058 1.074 1.061 1.074 1.058 1.062 1.065 1.055 1.036 1.034 1.032 700 1.072 1.060 1.077 1.062 1.077 1.063 1.065 1.068 1.056 1.032 1.030 1.028 800 1.074 1.066 1.088 1.068 1.086 1.072 1.073 1.075 1.063 1.033 1.031 1.028 900 1.082 1.076 1.100' 1.094 1.096 1.083 1.083 1.088 1.074 1.038 1.032 1.030 1000 1.097 1.090 1.118 Specific Resistance 1.104 1.112 at 20 deg. 1.098 O, Ohms 1.099 per Mil-Foot 1.103 1.090 1.049 1.046 1.040 604 604 564 567 599 595 553 575 620 629 633 Percentage of Chromium 14.10 14.45 15.40 15.60 15.70 15.80 16.20 17.47 18.18 18.70 18.95 •Plotted in Fig. 3 as typical of Nichrome III. ' Plotted in Fig. 3 as typical of Nichrome IV. The values given for Advance in Table 1 indicate a peculiar property in this metal. The temperature coefficient is negative over the lower ranges of temperatures, increases slowly between 200 and 400 deg. C. and rapidly thereafter. Not all samples of Advance, however, give negative temperature coefficients in the lower range. The presence of impurities in the metal may yield a material with a low positive coefficient over this lower range. But the rapid rise in temperature coefficient in the higher ranges of temperature is general in all cases. Alloy No. 141 is peculiarly susceptible to heat treatment. A sample of the material when slowly cooled after annealing gives a much lower specific resistance and a higher temperature coefficient than one which has not been so treated. The values reported in Table I are for the second heat on wire which was slowly cooled after being taken up to 1000 deg. C. After this treatment the wire appears to be stable for further cycles of heat. Slight variations in the impurities also 20 300 . 400 500 , 600 . 700 . 800 . 900 . 1000 . have a very considerable effect. Therefore, while this alloy is excellent as a high-resistance material, it is difficult to reproduce in commercial production. Alloy No. 193, as will be seen from Table I, is an exceedingly good resistor up to 500 deg. C. and has received in consequence wide application. The resistance-temperature curve for this material is plotted in Fig. 2. Group B.—Materials Available for Temperatures In Excess of 500° C. The second group includes all those alloys which are essentially combinations of nickel, iron and chromium in various proportions. Most of these alloys have been worked under a patent granted to Marsh in February, 1906, which has now expired. These alloys are remarkable in that they possess very high specific resistances and resist oxidation at high temperatures to a very rrtarked degree. The specific resistances and temperature coefficients at room tern- TABLE IV. — VARIATION IN RESISTA MCE OF NIC1 SEL-IR1 UN- CHROMi UM ALLU Yb WITH 11 iMftKj VlUKfc, Expressed as the ratio of resistance at the various temperatures to resistance at 20 deg. C. For complete chemical com] positions, see table V. * Temp erature, N ichrome Nichrome II Other Alloys deg. Cent. No. 2 No. 3 No. 8 No. 12 No. 9 No. 7* No.lf No. 2 No. 3 No.4J 1 000 1 091 1 113 1 126 1 132 1 142 1 152 1.165 1.182 633 10.75 1.000 1.086 1.104 1 120 1 125 1 133 1 141 1 154 1.172 640 10.90 1.000 1.092 1.110 1.125 1.129 1.134 1.141 1.154 1.171 1,000 1.071 1.089 1.102 1.106 1.111 1.118 1.130 1.148 1.000 1.073 1.090 1.105 1.108 1.115 1.124 1.136 1.150 Specific Resistance at 20 deg. C, Ohms per Mil-foot. 689 11.05 665 Percentage 11.45 654 of Chromium 11.70 1.000 1.065 1.081 1.092 1.096 1.102 1.113 1.127 1.142 663 12.05 1.000 1.037 1.050 1.063 1.059 1.059 1.063 1.069 1.078 668 19.5 1.000 1.038 1.050 1.062 1.058 1.057 1.059 1.065 1.072 •Plotted in Fig. 3 as typical of Nichrome. trotted in Fig. 3 as typical of Nichrome II. ^Plotted in Fig. 2. 683 17.95 1.000 1.048 1.061 1.075 1.076 1.079 1.084 1.090 1.098 686 31.35 1.000 1.120 1.154 1.182 1.208 1.227 1.247 1.266 1.284 622 21.10 65
Page 1 and 2:
BBBBflt] «BlJIUrIrlr Semi
Page 7 and 8:
January, 1926 Forging- Si amping -
Page 9 and 10:
^ f 1111 • 11111111111 11111111
Page 11 and 12:
January, 1925 In many cases the fiv
Page 13 and 14:
January, 1925 forging- Stamping - H
Page 15 and 16:
January, 1925 coating of lamp black
Page 17 and 18:
January, 1925 fare. Probably the fi
Page 19 and 20:
January, 1925 furnaces. Moldenke st
Page 21 and 22: January, 1925 in shape, and not man
Page 23 and 24: January, 1925 3—To collect, publi
Page 25 and 26: January, 1925 FIG. 1—Small presse
Page 27 and 28: January, 1925 prevent heating, is v
Page 29 and 30: January, 1925 low to settle for 24
Page 31 and 32: January, 1925 Sulfur Printing. Segr
Page 33 and 34: January, 1925 cent. Time sheets are
Page 35 and 36: January, 1925 of meeting the buyers
Page 37 and 38: January, 1925 Crossword Puzzle Give
Page 39 and 40: January, 1925 forging- Stamping - H
Page 41 and 42: January, 1925 BEAUDRY UTILITY HAMME
Page 43 and 44: January, 1925 Arc Welding and Cutti
Page 45 and 46: umiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Page 47 and 48: February, 1925 ing in accordance wi
Page 49 and 50: February, 1925 Forging - Stamping -
Page 51 and 52: February, 1925 Case Hardening With
Page 53 and 54: February, 1925 Forging-Stamping-Hea
Page 55 and 56: February, 1925 Given a stamped part
Page 57 and 58: February, 1925 Forging - Stamping -
Page 59 and 60: February, 1925 Hadfield, Robert A.
Page 61 and 62: February, 1925 Revillon, L. Les aci
Page 63 and 64: February, 1925 a condition which am
Page 65 and 66: February, 1925 that metallurgy is o
Page 67 and 68: February, 1925 letting it cool down
Page 69 and 70: February, 1925 Gray. If, however, t
Page 71: February, 1925 Forging-Stamping-Hea
Page 75 and 76: February, 1925 Fbrging-Stamping- He
Page 77 and 78: February, 1925 manganese and 4 per
Page 79 and 80: February, 1925 The loss due to impr
Page 81 and 82: February, 1925 Forging- Stamping -
Page 83 and 84: February, 1925 Forging- Stamping -
Page 85 and 86: ajlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
Page 87 and 88: March, 1925 forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 89 and 90: March, 1925 forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 91 and 92: March, 1925 Forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 93 and 94: March, 1925 Fbrging-Stamping - Heat
Page 99 and 100: March, 1925 stock on the next blank
Page 101 and 102: March, 1925 To continue with the co
Page 105 and 106: March, 1925 cumstances. It etches r
Page 107 and 108: March, 1925 Forging - Stamping - He
Page 109 and 110: March, 1925 Forging-Stamping - Heat
Page 115 and 116: March, 1925 Correspondence Course i
Page 117 and 118: March, 1925 Forging Stamping - Heat
Page 119 and 120: Fbrging-Stamping - Heat Treating 11
Page 121 and 122: yiiirililllliliililliililliiililliH
Page 123 and 124:
April, 1925 Forging - Stamping - He
Page 125 and 126:
April, 1925 punching a clean hole t
Page 127 and 128:
April, 1925 Ibrging - Stamping - He
Page 129 and 130:
April, 1925 forging-Stamping- Heat
Page 131 and 132:
April, 1925 Fbrging-Stamping - Heat
Page 133 and 134:
April, 1925 Forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 135 and 136:
April, 1925 forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 137 and 138:
April, 1925 Ibrging- Stamping - Hea
Page 139 and 140:
April, 192S Forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 141 and 142:
April, 1925 forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 143 and 144:
April, 1925 steel of entirely diffe
Page 145 and 146:
April, 1925 forging-Stamping- Heat
Page 147 and 148:
April, 1925 to use in making the fi
Page 149 and 150:
April, 1925 iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Page 151 and 152:
Forging- Stamping - Heat Tieating 1
Page 153 and 154:
aiiiiiiimiimiiMimiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiii
Page 155 and 156:
May, 1925 forging- Stamping - Heat
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
May, Wii chain blocks are being ins
Page 161 and 162:
May, 1925 Ibrging- Stamping - Heat
Page 163 and 164:
May, 1925 Remarkable Accuracy In Dr
Page 165 and 166:
May, 1925 construction, extreme len
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
May, 1925 Forging- Stamping - Heat
Page 171 and 172:
May, 1925 faces for the upper die.
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
May, 1925 flowing through the coil.
Page 177 and 178:
May, 1925 Briguet spiral to one of
Page 179 and 180:
May, 1925* ing force of its suspens
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
May, 1925 two or more bosses of dif
Page 185 and 186:
May, 1925 Fbrging-Stamping - Heat T
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
May, 1925 The steel storage yard, 6
Page 191 and 192:
May, 1925 Forging - S tamping - Hea
Page 193 and 194:
May, 1925 Lebanon Drop Forge Shop B
Page 195 and 196:
May, 1925 Forging-Stamping-Heat Tre
Page 197 and 198:
May, 1925 R. A. Rawson, formerly of
Page 199 and 200:
May, 1925 1416 K Street, N. W., for
Page 201 and 202:
•HiMiiiiniiiiiiiniiniiiiuuiniiiii
Page 203 and 204:
June, 1925 so that as the latter is
Page 205 and 206:
June, 1925 referring to the calibra
Page 207 and 208:
June, 1925 The leading manufacturer
Page 209 and 210:
June, 1925 nected with the differen
Page 211 and 212:
June, 1925 where ordinary files soo
Page 213 and 214:
June, 1925 Ibrging-Stamping- Heat T
Page 215 and 216:
June, 1925 and die equipment if the
Page 217 and 218:
June, 1925 Forging- Stamping - Heat
Page 219 and 220:
June, 1925 Case No. 229,816. Two me
Page 221 and 222:
June, 1925 Fbrging-Stamping - Heat
Page 223 and 224:
June, 1925 An operation closely all
Page 225 and 226:
June, 1925 to control the outer sli
Page 227 and 228:
June, 1925 Microscopic Examination
Page 229 and 230:
June, 1925 and channel heavy sectio
Page 231 and 232:
June, 1925 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Page 233 and 234:
aillllllllimiimillllllHIHIIIIIIIIMI
Page 235 and 236:
July, 1925 little ahead of it, was
Page 237 and 238:
July, 1925 Forging- Stamping - Heat
Page 239 and 240:
July, 1925 In testing axle parts, t
Page 241 and 242:
July, 1925 Liquid quenching mediums
Page 243 and 244:
July, 1925 forging- Stamping - Heat
Page 245 and 246:
July, 1925 decreased. It should als
Page 247 and 248:
July, 1925 ly obtained by the quick
Page 249 and 250:
July, 1925' Forging- Stamping - Hea
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
July, 1925 Solubility. Gamma iron (
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
July, 1925 time the piece is coolin
Page 259 and 260:
July, 1925 aimed at. The ideal solu
Page 261 and 262:
July, 1925 Another condition that s
Page 263 and 264:
July,' 1925 complete charge of manu
Page 265 and 266:
MR. EXECUTIVE:— You and your asso
Page 267 and 268:
ajimillHIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Page 269 and 270:
August, 1925 with that of Fig. 4 (t
Page 271 and 272:
August, 1925 Heat Treatment. In the
Page 273 and 274:
August, 1925 merly did not hold tog
Page 275 and 276:
August, 1925 slip in the crystal. F
Page 277 and 278:
August, 1925 Finance Committee—W.
Page 279 and 280:
August, 1925 Forging- Stamping - He
Page 281 and 282:
August, 1925 and heating. For the m
Page 283 and 284:
August, 1925 Forging- Stamping - He
Page 285 and 286:
August, 1925 Fbrging-Stamping - Hea
Page 287 and 288:
August, 1925 and chome-nickel steel
Page 289 and 290:
August, 1925 Joining- Stamping - He
Page 291 and 292:
August, 1925 sign is such that ribs
Page 293 and 294:
August, 1925 It resembles a pair of
Page 295 and 296:
August, 1.52$ with machinery and eq
Page 297 and 298:
gjlllllllHlliilllllllllliliiiiiniil
Page 299 and 300:
September, 1925 ture. Some objectio
Page 301 and 302:
September, 1925 forging- Stamping -
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
September, 1925 Brging- Stamping -
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
September. 192: tainment committee
Page 313 and 314:
September. 1925 more sewing machine
Page 315 and 316:
September, 1925 which 21 other co-o
Page 317 and 318:
September, 1925 Forging- Sf amping
Page 319 and 320:
September, 1925 part of the city, t
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
September, 1925 Firth Sterling Stee
Page 325 and 326:
September, 1925 ret lathe, 15-in. c
Page 327 and 328:
September, 1925 machinery sales; G.
Page 329 and 330:
September, 1925 United Alloy Steel
Page 331 and 332:
September, 1925 external support. T
Page 333 and 334:
September, 1925 the space lattice o
Page 335 and 336:
September, 1925 EB there is some re
Page 337 and 338:
September, 1925 Forging - Sf amping
Page 339 and 340:
September, 1925 large hammers the s
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
September, 1925 centage is within t
Page 345 and 346:
September, 1925 New Acme Forging Ma
Page 347 and 348:
September, 1925 It operates on the
Page 349 and 350:
September, 1925 Barney Nelson, for
Page 351 and 352:
September, 1925 The Gibb Welding Ma
Page 353 and 354:
gllliiiiiimiiillllllillliliiiiMimi
Page 355 and 356:
October, 1925 Instead of stamping e
Page 357 and 358:
October, 1925 forging- Stamping - H
Page 359 and 360:
October, 1925 H i ^uJ3^£---,.r For
Page 361 and 362:
October, 1925 Ibrging- Stamping - H
Page 363 and 364:
October, 1925 Forging- Stamping - H
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
October. 1925 practical application
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
October, 1925 redistribution into r
Page 373 and 374:
October, 1925 which may be present,
Page 375 and 376:
October, 1925 Fuel Q/miavm- r-Frirx
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
October, 1925 rorging- Stamping - H
Page 381 and 382:
October, 1925 Improved Timken Beari
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
October, 1925 of them opened out at
Page 387 and 388:
October, 1925 "Except for minor app
Page 389 and 390:
October, 1925 Rate of Heating Steel
Page 391 and 392:
Forging - Stamping - Heat Treating
Page 393 and 394:
Heavy Duty End Mill rt; The Tomkir.
Page 395 and 396:
jmimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiti
Page 397 and 398:
November, 1925 ductility. The exten
Page 399 and 400:
November, 1925 herited, so that the
Page 401 and 402:
November, 1925 rorging - S tamping
Page 403 and 404:
November, 1925 from injurious gases
Page 405 and 406:
November, 1925 was reached. This mo
Page 407 and 408:
November, 1925 Forging- Stamping -
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
November, 1925 aspect to the econom
Page 415 and 416:
November, 1925 common honesty; but
Page 417 and 418:
November, 1925 as much heat as poss
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
November, 1925 Prepares Lecture on
Page 423 and 424:
November, 1925 forging- Siamping -
Page 425 and 426:
November, 1925 iimiiiiiiuiiiimiiimi
Page 427 and 428:
Forging- Stamping - Hoaf Treating R
Page 429 and 430:
^IIIIIIIIMHIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIII
Page 431 and 432:
December, 1925 contact with a mater
Page 433 and 434:
December, 1925 Carburizing Processe
Page 435 and 436:
December, 1925 Forging- Stamping -
Page 437 and 438:
December, 1925 Forging- Stamping -
Page 439 and 440:
December, 1925 From this table it w
Page 441 and 442:
December, 1925 allows the voltage t
Page 443 and 444:
December, 1925 Substantial Savings
Page 445 and 446:
December, 1925 is cracked along a l
Page 447 and 448:
December, 1925 chisel must be hard
Page 449 and 450:
December, 1925 Forging - Stamping -
Page 451 and 452:
December, 1925 rorging- Stamping -
Page 453 and 454:
Decemher, 1925 forging- Stamping -
Page 455 and 456:
December, 1925 mm iimiiiriitimiiiin
Page 462:
ErabV \yy"^M Wv-j/Bicm iQBfl r •
show all

BBBBflt] «BlJIUrIrlr - Clpdigital.org

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?