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298 forging- Stamping - Hoaf Treating Each manufacturer selects his material with some particular advantage in view, which he expects to gain by the u-e of that particular specification. It may be only price or machining qualities, or strength. that he is after, or it may be a combination of all. Exceptionally good material may be purchased and care exercised on all operations, but still the part may fail in service. When conditions of this type arise, a careful study should be made of the design. Every part should be so designed as to take care to the best of its advantage the stresses imposed upon it. and to posses an ample factor of safety. Besides the bending moment in the vertical plane due to the dead weight on the axle, there are other unusual load.-, to which an axle is subjected both in the horizontal and vertical plane, such as the stresses developed by striking obstacles at high speed, or the wheels dropping into chuck holes, all of which have to be carefully figured when designing the axle sections. Experience has taught the engineer that if certain proportions be maintained between the vertical and horizontal resisting moment of the section, and September, 1925 The total weight on the front axle is 1,700 pounds of which one-half is distributed to each spring pad, or a load of 850 pounds per pad. The resulting bending moment is the load multiplied by the lever arm, that is, the distance between the center of the front wheels and the center of the front springs, in this case: 56 in. — 27yA = \m in. 2 850 x 14.375 = 12219 in. lbs. bending moment. The section modulus being 1.07 we get a fiber stress of: 12219 = 11410 pounds per sq. in. 107 Using a carbon steel and assuming the expected elastic limit to be 65.000 pounds per square inch, we find the factor of safetv to be : 65000 ,•„ _ - c- r a = 5.7 P actor of Safety 11410 Laboratory tests to check the strength of front axle centers are made part of routine inspection. This Y % p , / 7 B .iv*-w"'.*5»»H! FIGS. 41, 42 and 43—Photomicrographs showing evidence of poor forging practice. a certain factor of safety which is based upon the vertical stresses due to the dead load on the axle is provided, his product will stand up successfully. In determining the factor of safety on a front axle center, the measurements taken at the center section of the I-beam are those most generally used in calculations, as this section is slightly weaker than other portions of the axle center. The maximum fiber stress is determined by dividing the bending moment by the section modulus of the section, rnd the factor of safety is obtained by dividing the expected elastic limit of the steel by the unit fiber stress. As an illustration, let us assume a car with its full complement of passengers, full radiator, gasoline tank, oiling system, extra tires, tool kit and accessories, which has a dead weight on the front axle equal to 1,700 pounds. The spring pad centers are 27'4 inches, a 56 inch track and a section modulus of the beam is 1.07. is accomplished by supporting the axle center on the king pin bosses, and applying a load on both spring pads, recording the load and reading the deflection by means of deflectometers graduated to 1/1000 in. and placed under each spring pad and under .he center of the beam. If you are a frequent visitor to your service department, you have evidently noticed that occasionally axle centers are returned which have failed in service. An investigation was made which attributed the cause to the following:— (a) Collisions (b) Light Sections (c) Defective Material (d) Poor Forging Practice (e) Improper Treatment Evidence of poor forging practice is shown by Figs. 41. 42. 43 and 44. Fig. 41 is a cross section of an axle center showing burned ends, while Fig. 44 shows the micro-structure of the same specimen.
September, 1925 forging- Stamping - Heat Treating FIGS. 44 to 55—Photomicrographs showing various defects and structures encountered in front axle forgings. 299
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January, 1925 BEAUDRY UTILITY HAMME
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February, 1925 a condition which am
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May, 1925 Lebanon Drop Forge Shop B
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June, 1925 An operation closely all
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June, 1925 Microscopic Examination
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October, 1925 "Except for minor app
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November, 1925 ductility. The exten
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November, 1925 from injurious gases
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