European Bio-Energy Projects

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BIO-AEROSOLS Objectives The project focused on the solution of problems related to aerosols and fly ashes formed during fixed-bed biomass combustion, namely particulate emissions and deposit formation. The main aims of the project were to investigate the characteristics and the behaviour of aerosols by considering different biomass fuels (wood chips, bark, and waste wood), as well as to identify mechanisms governing deposit formation in furnaces and boilers. Based on this knowledge, technologies able to reduce these problems should be developed. Efficient aerosol precipitators should be enhanced by setting up an aerosol database for filter manufacturers, accompanied by technoeconomic recommendations, and by optimising the rotational particle separator which is an innovative dust precipitator for small-scale applications. Additives to influence aerosol formation and growth should be investigated. Finally, the project also aimed to evaluate health risks caused by aerosol emissions from biomass combustion. Aerosols and fly ashes in biomass combustion – new data, modelling approaches and results Problems addressed In general, particulates formed during the combustion of solid biomass can be divided into two fractions, the aerosols (particles formed from condensable vapours by gas to particle conversion) and coarse fly ashes (ash particles entrained from the fuel bed with the flue gas). Before BIO-AEROSOLS was initiated, very little information about the formation mechanisms and characteristics of these two fly ash fractions during fixed-bed combustion of woody biofuels was available. Therefore, the objectives of the project were defined as above. To reach the project objectives, extensive test runs were performed at biomass combustion units, as well as mathematical modelling of the processes involved in aerosol, fly ash and deposit formation and behaviour. In total, five test runs were carried out at a pilot-scale combustion unit (440 kWth) and a large-scale CHP plant (40 MWth), comprising fuel, aerosol, fly ash, ash and deposit sampling with subsequent wet chemical and SEM/EDX-analyses of the samples being taken. From these tests, a huge amount of high-quality measurement and analyses data was collected concerning relevant characteristics of aerosols and fly ashes formed during fixed-bed combustion of woody biofuels. In Figure 1 and Figure 2 examples of particle size distribution, shape and chemical composition of aerosols and fly ashes formed during the combustion of woody biofuels are presented. These new data (shapes, concentrations, particle size distributions and chemical compositions of aerosols and fly ashes) have been summarised in an aerosol and fly ash 102 database. Furthermore, a huge amount of new data concerning the characterisation of furnace and boiler tube deposits, such as build-up rates, structures and chemical compositions, resulted from the project and have also been summarised in a database. Results The results of the test runs clearly indicated that the chemical composition of the fuel is the main parameter influencing aerosol formation, while plant operation parameters (excess air ratio, furnace temperature, etc.) do not have a significant influence. Based on the data and experiences gained from the test runs, existing models able to predict aerosol and deposit formation as well as deposit melting behaviour have been improved, and new models for the prediction of the behaviour of aerosols and fly ashes in fixed-bed biomass combustion units developed. Three different aerosol formation processes for different types of woody biomass (chemically untreated wood, bark, and waste wood), depending mainly on the chemical composition of the fuels used, were identified during these investigations. Consequently, the knowledge about these processes was increased substantially and, in future, the furnace and boiler designs as well as process control strategies of the industrial partners taking part in this project, will be adjusted according to the project results in order to reduce deposit formation as well as particulate emissions.
Another important result from the project is the development of an aerosol and fly ash database mentioned above, which comprises all measurement data from the test runs performed. Based on these data, recommendations were drawn up for filter manufacturers concerning the application of different dust separation technologies (cyclones, ESP, baghouse filters) in biomass combustion units with respect to the plant capacity and the biomass fuel used. In order to reduce deposit build-up in furnaces and boilers, an additive was developed for injection into the hot furnace. Tests with this additive during waste wood combustion have shown that during long- term operation, Figure 2: SEM-image and results of EDX-analyses of aerosols formed during bark combustion. Explanations: data in atom%; data normalised to 100%, not considering O2. a reduction of deposit build-up and deposit hardness was achieved. Short-term tests, including deposit, aerosol and fly ash sampling and subsequent analyses of the samples, showed comparable results. However, it was not possible to identify the exact mechanism on which the effect of the additive was based; therefore, additional research will be needed on this topic. Finally, investigations were carried out concerning the health risks caused by particulate emissions from biomass combustion units. As a result, data from in-vivo and in-vitro tests with particulate emissions from biomass combustion are now available. Figure 1: Particle size distribution of fly ash emissions from biomass combustion units – Explanations: dp … particle diameter; ae.d. … aerodynamic diameter; results from test runs at a pilot-scale combustion unit (nominal boiler capacity 440 kWth); all data related to dry flue gas and 13 vol.% O2. 103 INFORMATION References: ERK6-CT-1999-00003 Programme: FP5 - <strong>Energy</strong>, Environment and Sustainable Development Title: Aerosols in Fixed-bed <strong>Bio</strong>mass Combustion – Formation, Growth, Chemical Composition, Deposition, Precipitation and Separation from Flue Gas – BIO-AEROSOLS Duration: 36 months Contact point: Ingwald Obernberger TU Graz Tel: +43-3164-481300 Fax: +43-3164-4813004 obernberger@glvt.tu-graz.ac.at Partners: TU Graz (A) TU Denmark (DK) Aabo Akademi University (FIN) Standardkessel Lentjes-Fasel (D) Mawera Holzfeuerungsanlagen (D) Emissions-Reduzierungs-Konzepte (D) TU Eindhoven (NL) EC Scientific Officer: Garbiñe Guiu Etxeberria Tel: +32-2-2990538 Fax: +32-2-2993694 garbine.guiu@cec.eu.int Status: Completed
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PROJECT SYNOPSES European Bio-Energ
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Interested in European research? RT
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LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the European
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Contents � Forestry - Energy Wood
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- Studies of Fuel Blend Properties
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Expected impact and exploitation Th
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Results The main result of this pro
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Furthermore, multifuelled tests of
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Expected impact The integrated swee
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Expected impact and exploitation We
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Figure 1: Enrichment and depletion
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Greece on environmental technologie
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Project structure. Progress to date
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Progress to date The process of the
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Construction Details of DEPR-Plant.
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The most important feature of the P
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At the moment the second stage of t
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Isometric view of Corby Mixed Bio-F
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meetings and discussions have taken
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RESHMENT - Process. Project structu
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Project structure The project is or
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Results of catalytic processes. Pro
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VTT’s Process Development Unit (P
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Page 51 and 52: Project structure The project is im
Page 53 and 54: • syngas cooler; • baghouses fo
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1: Typical BIGCC process sch
Page 57 and 58: Bio oil is an easy-to-use liquid. B
Page 59 and 60: 3-D drawing of the envisaged pyroly
Page 61 and 62: Progress to date Project progress,
Page 63 and 64: Progress to date Both networks regu
Page 65 and 66: Finally, the project will contribut
Page 67 and 68: treatment dominate the cost structu
Page 69 and 70: Gasification product gas compositio
Page 71 and 72: Figure 1: Energy flows of the AER p
Page 73 and 74: • combustion of fuel gas in a tur
Page 75 and 76: Wood- Biomass- Bio-oil- Electricity
Page 77 and 78: Figure 1: Basic process flow diagra
Page 79 and 80: Progress to date A lot of data must
Page 81 and 82: Figure 1: Deposites of crystalline
Page 83 and 84: Figure 1: Overview of biological wa
Page 85 and 86: Picture 1: Large-scale Digestor Set
Page 87 and 88: During the Demonstration part of th
Page 89 and 90: Expected impact and exploitation Ur
Page 91 and 92: Results Selective catalytic oxidati
Page 93 and 94: Expected impact and exploitation A
Page 95 and 96: • Rebuilding a carburettor and ex
Page 97 and 98: Expected results and exploitation p
Page 99 and 100: NOVEL CHP process. Results The deve
Page 101: TARGeT Process Scheme. New combusto
Page 105 and 106: Results At the biennial meeting in
Page 107 and 108: BFB-Plant. Furthermore from tanned
Page 109 and 110: INTCON - Mainscreen. For this appli
Page 111 and 112: From this study it was observed tha
Page 113 and 114: Expected results As the project sta
Page 115 and 116: Figure 1: Hot water accumulator and
Page 117 and 118: Expected impact and exploitation In
Page 119 and 120: Clean Coal Pre--feasibility Study L
Page 121 and 122: educed mechanism has been implement
Page 123 and 124: Progress to date During the first t
Page 125 and 126: Basic analysis methods must be take
Page 127 and 128: parameters, relevant combustion con
Page 129 and 130: This proposal specifically addresse
Page 131 and 132: Expected impact and exploitation A
Page 133 and 134: FBCOBIOW - Project. Expected impact
Page 135 and 136: The Hungarian participant will faci
Page 137 and 138: were run with some challenges conce
Page 139 and 140: Expected impact International and n
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1: The UPSWING process. Proj
Page 143 and 144: From left to right: The logging res
Page 145 and 146: Figure 1: General layout of an inci
Page 147 and 148: Exploitation The exploitation activ
Page 149 and 150: Figure 1: Mesh for Two Stage Combus
Page 151 and 152: The advantage of fly ash in concret
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Environment • reduce emissions of
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Progress to date All the design and
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Figure 1: Flow Chart. Moreover, the
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Project structure In order to devel
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Figure 1: Expansion process within
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No tar-contaminated wastewater •
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Figure 1: View of the CHP plant, Li
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ales will be tested with the new te
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Progress to date Figure 1: Sustaina
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Expected impact and exploitation It
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Progress to date The delays of pres
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Expected impact and exploitation On
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Expected results and exploitation p
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As a result of the new agricultural
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Biomass bundling technology system.
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Expected impact and exploitation Re
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Structure of the BioNorm project. E
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In the second activity, the results
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Expected impact and exploitation In
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Results The project has successfull
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Figure 1: Research Areas of WG1 and
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perception and image of bioenergy,
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to determining the consequences for
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EU Biomass Technology Pavilion in W
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for the transport sector, and you h
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husks. As this waste material is co
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Distribution of the various types o
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Expected impact and exploitation Wa
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This compilation of synopses covers
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