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T AR-PROTOCOL Objectives The main objective of the project was to develop a Guideline describing the necessary equipment and procedures for the sampling and analysis of tars in biomass producer gases. The Guideline should be suitable for measurement of tars at all relevant conditions (0-900 °C, 0.9-60 bars) and concentrations (1 mg/Nm3 – 100 g/Nm3), and it should allow for simultaneous measurement of particles and soot. Furthermore, the Guideline should be promoted so that it is accepted and applied as the standard tar measurement method in the field of biomass gasification. Measurement of tar and particles in biomass producer gases Challenges Gasification technologies are expected to play a key role in expanding the use of biomass. The gas can be used, for example, for co-firing in coalfired power plants, electricity generation in standalone conversion devices (gas engines, gas turbines, fuel cells), and the production of gaseous/liquid fuels or chemicals. Proper measurement of contaminant levels in biomass gasification-based systems is crucial to their optimisation and implementation. The measurement of organic contaminants or “tars” in syngas still causes much confusion. Measurement methods, as well as definitions for tars in biomass gasification-based systems, are numerous and non-consistent. As a result, the comparison of data and the definition of clear maximum allowable concentrations for tars are problematic. Since tars are considered as the major problem causing contaminants, this generates a large obstacle for the market introduction of these systems. The objective of the project was to remove this obstacle by developing a standard measurement method (Guideline) which is accepted and used by parties working on biomass gasification and can form the basis for a subsequent standardisation procedure at CEN. 188 Project structure The work consisted of three main activities: (a) development, optimisation and testing of the Guideline, (b) dissemination and internalisation of the Guideline and (c) the initiation of the standardisation of the Guideline on a European level. In the first activity, a draft version of the Guideline was prepared. The Guideline was then optimised and tested by means of a reviewing round and through R&D activities performed outside, but coordinated from inside this project. In the second activity the Guideline was disseminated by means of an Internet site (www.tarweb.net), by using Internet mailing lists/discussion groups and by means of papers and presentations at three European Biomass conferences in Tirol, Sevilla and Amsterdam. In the third activity a task force was installed at CEN to start the standardisation procedure of the Guideline. The project team was co-ordinated by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) and consisted of 15 European and 2 North-American parties, which were involved because the internalisation of the Guideline should not be limited to Europe.
Expected impact and exploitation In the first place, the Guideline will allow companies, institutions and universities that develop gasification technology to compare tar concentrations. Secondly, it will allow manufacturers of gasifiers, gas cleaning systems and engine or turbine generator sets to convince potential end users of the technical performance of the sub-systems, and to define tolerances from which guarantees on performance, system lifetime etc. can be derived. These guarantees decrease the non-technical risks of implementation of biomass gasification based systems. The Guideline will be transformed into a CEN Standard to widen its international acceptance and application. To this purpose, CEN Task Force 143 “Measurement of Organic Contaminants (tars) in Biomass Producer Gases” has been installed. Results Figure 1: Project management structure. The main result of this project is a guideline for the sampling and analysis of tars and particles in biomass gasification producer gases. The measurement principle of the Guideline is based on discontinuous sampling and it is set-up in such a way that particles can also be measured quantitatively. The tar and particle sampling system consists of a heated probe, a heated particle filter, a condenser and a series of impinger bottles containing isopropanol to dissolve the tars. The solvent containing bottles are placed in a warm (bottles 1-4) and a cold bath (bottles 5 and 6) so that the sampled gas is cooled in two steps, first to 20°C and finally to -20°. The sampling train is shown schematically in Figure 2. The postsampling involves Soxhlet extraction of the tars on the particle filter and the collection of all tars in one bulk solution. Finally, the analysis comprises the determination of the gravimetric tar mass from the bulk solution and the determination of the concentration of individual tar compounds. The Guideline has also achieved the following results: • It can be used for both raw and clean producer gases of all commonly applied biomass gasifiers • It has been disseminated to, and gained acceptance among, major European and North American parties that develop, commercialise and advise on biomass gasification technology • It has entered the procedure to become a European standard. The full version of the Guideline can be downloaded from the website. Figure 2: The Guideline sampling set-up: atmospheric and isokinetic sampling train for tar and particles with removable probe and pitot tubes for flow measurement. The liquid quench is optional. 189 INFORMATION References: ERK6-CT-1999-20002 Programme: FP5 - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development Title: Development of a Standard Method (Protocol) for the Measurement of Organic Contaminants “Tars” in Biomass Producer Gases – TAR-PROTOCOLL Duration: 28 months Contact point: Jacob H.A. Kiel Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands Tel: +31-224-564590 Fax: +31-224-568487 kiel@ecn.nl Partners: Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands (NL) Universidad Complutense de Madrid (E) TPS Termiska Processer (S) BTG Biomass Technology Group (NL) TU Wien (A) Foster Wheeler Energia (FIN) Danish Technology Institute (DK) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA) Enerkem Technologies (CAN) Royal Insitute of Technology (S) National Technical University of Athens (GR) VTT (FIN) Université Catholique de Louvain (B) Lurgi Metallurgie (D) CRE Group (UK) Verenum (CH) Website: www.tarweb.net EC Scientific Officer: Garbiñe Guiu Etxeberria Tel: +32-2-2990538 Fax: +32-2-2993694 garbine.guiu@cec.eu.int Status: Ongoing
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PROJECT SYNOPSES European Bio-Energ
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Interested in European research? RT
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LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the European
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Contents � Forestry - Energy Wood
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- Studies of Fuel Blend Properties
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Expected impact and exploitation Th
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Results The main result of this pro
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Furthermore, multifuelled tests of
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Expected impact The integrated swee
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Expected impact and exploitation We
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Figure 1: Enrichment and depletion
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Greece on environmental technologie
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Project structure. Progress to date
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Progress to date The process of the
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Construction Details of DEPR-Plant.
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The most important feature of the P
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At the moment the second stage of t
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Isometric view of Corby Mixed Bio-F
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meetings and discussions have taken
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RESHMENT - Process. Project structu
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Project structure The project is or
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Results of catalytic processes. Pro
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VTT’s Process Development Unit (P
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Project structure The project is im
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• syngas cooler; • baghouses fo
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Figure 1: Typical BIGCC process sch
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Bio oil is an easy-to-use liquid. B
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3-D drawing of the envisaged pyroly
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Progress to date Project progress,
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Progress to date Both networks regu
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Finally, the project will contribut
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treatment dominate the cost structu
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Gasification product gas compositio
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Figure 1: Energy flows of the AER p
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• combustion of fuel gas in a tur
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Wood- Biomass- Bio-oil- Electricity
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Figure 1: Basic process flow diagra
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Progress to date A lot of data must
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Figure 1: Deposites of crystalline
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Figure 1: Overview of biological wa
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Picture 1: Large-scale Digestor Set
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During the Demonstration part of th
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Expected impact and exploitation Ur
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Results Selective catalytic oxidati
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Expected impact and exploitation A
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• Rebuilding a carburettor and ex
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Expected results and exploitation p
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NOVEL CHP process. Results The deve
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TARGeT Process Scheme. New combusto
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Another important result from the p
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Results At the biennial meeting in
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BFB-Plant. Furthermore from tanned
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INTCON - Mainscreen. For this appli
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From this study it was observed tha
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Expected results As the project sta
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Figure 1: Hot water accumulator and
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Expected impact and exploitation In
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Clean Coal Pre--feasibility Study L
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educed mechanism has been implement
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Progress to date During the first t
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Basic analysis methods must be take
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parameters, relevant combustion con
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This proposal specifically addresse
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Expected impact and exploitation A
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FBCOBIOW - Project. Expected impact
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The Hungarian participant will faci
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Page 139 and 140: Expected impact International and n
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Page 147 and 148: Exploitation The exploitation activ
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Page 153 and 154: Environment • reduce emissions of
Page 155 and 156: Progress to date All the design and
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1: Flow Chart. Moreover, the
Page 159 and 160: Project structure In order to devel
Page 161 and 162: Figure 1: Expansion process within
Page 163 and 164: No tar-contaminated wastewater •
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Page 173 and 174: Progress to date The delays of pres
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Page 181 and 182: Biomass bundling technology system.
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Page 185 and 186: Structure of the BioNorm project. E
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Page 191 and 192: Results The project has successfull
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Page 195 and 196: perception and image of bioenergy,
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