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Figure 1: A view of the building where the pilot plant is installed. PYROHEAT Objectives The overall objective of the project is to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of generating heat from a pyrolytic liquid (PL) derived from biomass. The advantage of using a liquid fuel instead of solid fuels such as bark, sawdust etc. is well recognised. The specific objectives of the project are: • Improve PL quality, increase PL yield and improve overall operation in a pilot scale plant producing PL, supporting these developments with work carried out in PDU scale • Produce several tonnes of PL to be used in combustion tests • Modify mineral oil burner and boiler for the use of PL • Execute a utilisation campaign of PL in modified boilers • Assess the potential of the concept at the base of the project. A renewable liquid fuel produced from biomass suitable for heat generation Problem addressed Liquids produced by pyrolysis from biomass are estimated to be the lowest cost liquid bio-fuel. A high efficiency (65%) process has been projected for industrial scale production. However, the larger units that have been operating in Europe have not yet been able to reach the expected efficiency. This is due to the fact that during scale up of these systems, solutions have been used that have not been employed on the laboratory scale work. This project is aimed at an improved operation of the pyrolysis pilot plant, owned and operated by ENEL, with an increase of the efficiency. The PL currently available for industrial scale utilisation tests all have unfavourable fuel properties, which hamper their use. Fuel properties which need most further improvements are: • Homogeneity, stability, reactivity • Viscosity • Solid content, particle size of solids. A number of improvements have been suggested, e.g. hot vapour filtration (HVF), solvent addition and chemical upgrading in order to improve the value of PL as fuel. However HVF is not currently available for large scale application, the addition of solvents increases cost and chemical upgrading has been shown to be expensive, if feasible at all. Removal of solids from PL remains as one of the critical problems. If solids can be removed, several other properties affecting fuel quality will also be improved. Forestera example, it has been shown that removal of solids improves stability 50 Differences have been detected in combustion behaviour of pyrolysis liquid from different biomasses in both small laboratory scale work and industrial furnaces. Much of the different combustion behaviour of PL compared to mineral oils has been explained through ordinary liquid fuel properties, e.g. viscosity (injection spray formation), water content (ignition) or solids content of PL (unburned particulates). However, other phenomena are also included as pyrolysis oils from similar biomasses produced in different processes (PL with same physical characteristics) may behave in a different way in combustion. Although several biomasses have been proposed as feeds, and tested in laboratory scale pyrolysis units, there is very little information concerning the suitability of these liquids for use. Only pyrolysis oils from bark-free wood have been combusted in boilers and engines. However, bark-free wood fuels are probably too expensive for industrial energy applications. Pyrolysis oil use Handling, storage, and health and safety issues have been developed to assist in future demonstrations. A manual for sampling (both laboratory and demonstration level) and fuel oil analysis of PL has been published by VTT Of the PL applications considered, technically closest to feasibility is to use PL in existing boilers designed for heavy fuel oil (HFO). Use of PL in medium size boilers designed for light fuel oil (LFO) appears promising because of the relatively high cost of LFO. However, this application is technically more demanding than replacing HFO.
Project structure The project is implemented by the following organisations: • ENEL Produzione (Italy) • VTT (Finland) • Fortum (Finland) • ARUSIA (Italy) • CCT (Italy) ENEL Produzione is operating a pilot facility (Figure 1) for producing PL at a rated capacity of about 500 kg/h. This facility adopts the Ensyn’s RTP technology. The same technology is adopted by a process development unit (PDU) operated by VTT (Figure 2). While ENEL Produzione will overhaul the pilot plant and improve its operability, VTT will conceptualise and will test at PDU scale methods for quality improvements to be integrated in the plant. Partner ARUSIA, a regional agency for agricultural development, will supply the feed to the plant and will assess the economic issues of the demonstration. The partners CCT and Fortum (Figure 3) will utilise the pyrolysis oil in small and large-scale thermal boilers to carry on extensive combustion trials. Expected impact and exploitation Demonstration of the entire utilisation chain “biomass to heat” through pyrolysis on an industrial scale may have a strong impact on the penetration of biomass in the energy market. Indeed one of the major drawbacks of the biomass is its relatively low energy density, which make its transportation over long distances unfeasible for economic reasons. This is particularly true for those biomasses like sawdust and bark that are often available at large Figure 2: A view of the process development unit. distances from sites where there is an energy demand: pyrolysis makes the energy associated to those biomasses transportable. In this perspective, an energy company is experimenting with pyrolysis and combustion of PL with the aim of supplying pyrolysis liquid to customers as an alternative fuel to the fossils. Progress to date The major achievements at this stage of the project can be summarised as follows: • The pilot plant operated by ENEL on the site of Bastardo, destined for the production of large amounts of oil for combustion tests, has been restored and upgraded. A second cyclone has been installed for better separation of the entrained solids from the pyrolysis vapours. Several tonnes of PL have been produced. • Methods for solid removal from pyrolysis oil have been identified and will be adopted for improving the quality of the oil produced by the pilot plant. • The condenser modifications aiming at reducing water content of oil, reducing light compounds causing bad odour and instability, and improving stability have been identified and positively tested at PDU scale. • Constant quality oil with almost constant content of solids and water has been produced at PDU scale. • Boiler and burner parameters for combustion tests in boilers have been identified. The design of the new equipment installation has been completed. Preliminary combustion tests with PL produced at PDU scale have been carried out. 51 Figure 3: Test rig with 500 kW furnace for pyrolisis liquid. INFORMATION References: ERK5-CT-1999-00011 Programme: FP5 - <strong>Energy</strong>, Environment and Sustainable Development Title: Pyrolysis Oil for Heat Generation: Verification of a Second Generation Pyrolysis Process – PYROHEAT Duration: 42 months Contact point: Guiseppe Neri ENEL Produzione SpA Tel: +39-068-5094604 Fax: +39-068-5094672 nerig@pte.enel.it Partners: ENEL Produzione (I) VTT (FIN) ASURIA (I) CCT (I) Fortum Oil and Gas (FIN) UGM SPA (I) EC Scientific Officer: Erich Nägele Tel: +32-2-2965061 Fax: +32-2-2993694 erich.naegele@cec.eu.int Status: Ongoing
Page 1 and 2: PROJECT SYNOPSES European Bio-Energ
Page 3 and 4: Interested in European research? RT
Page 5 and 6: LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the European
Page 7 and 8: Contents � Forestry - Energy Wood
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Page 13 and 14: Results The main result of this pro
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TARGeT Process Scheme. New combusto
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Another important result from the p
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Results At the biennial meeting in
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BFB-Plant. Furthermore from tanned
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INTCON - Mainscreen. For this appli
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From this study it was observed tha
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Expected results As the project sta
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Figure 1: Hot water accumulator and
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Expected impact and exploitation In
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Clean Coal Pre--feasibility Study L
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educed mechanism has been implement
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Progress to date During the first t
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Basic analysis methods must be take
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parameters, relevant combustion con
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This proposal specifically addresse
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Expected impact and exploitation A
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FBCOBIOW - Project. Expected impact
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The Hungarian participant will faci
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were run with some challenges conce
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Expected impact International and n
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Figure 1: The UPSWING process. Proj
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From left to right: The logging res
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Figure 1: General layout of an inci
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Exploitation The exploitation activ
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Figure 1: Mesh for Two Stage Combus
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The advantage of fly ash in concret
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Environment • reduce emissions of
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Progress to date All the design and
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Figure 1: Flow Chart. Moreover, the
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Project structure In order to devel
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Figure 1: Expansion process within
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No tar-contaminated wastewater •
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Figure 1: View of the CHP plant, Li
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ales will be tested with the new te
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Progress to date Figure 1: Sustaina
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Progress to date The delays of pres
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Expected impact and exploitation On
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As a result of the new agricultural
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Biomass bundling technology system.
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Structure of the BioNorm project. E
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In the second activity, the results
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Results The project has successfull
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Figure 1: Research Areas of WG1 and
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perception and image of bioenergy,
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to determining the consequences for
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EU Biomass Technology Pavilion in W
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for the transport sector, and you h
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husks. As this waste material is co
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Distribution of the various types o
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This compilation of synopses covers
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European Bio-Energy Projects

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