European Bio-Energy Projects

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SEFCO Objectives Currently most of the waste materials in Europe are deposited on landfills. Consumption of land, long-term reactions to the landfills and the emission of green house gases have a negative influence on the living conditions in Europe. In addition, power production has to be done in a less CO2 engendered way. Thermal utilisation of so-called Solid Recovered Fuels, gained from waste materials, could be a cost effective and short-term way available for the reduction of CO2 emissions. For the propagation of the co-combustion technology in power plants the prevention of disturbance on plant operation and harmful effects on the environment represents a vital premise. Therefore the main objective of this project is to acquire comprehensive knowledge on the characteristics of selected fuels as feedstock, the impact of co-combustion of waste materials on operation and emissions. This is necessary to pave the way for a wide use of this technology. Utilisation of high calorific solid waste in power plants Challenges After the successful implementation of sewage sludge co-firing, further biomass and waste materials are considered for co-combustion in coal-fired furnaces. It is important for the plant operators to be able to acquire information about the composition of the fuel as received and to have access to information about the behaviour of solid recovered fuels (SRF) and the constituents in the power plant. Based on the experiences gained with other waste materials, the work in the project focuses on several challenges of co-firing of high calorific SRF in pulverised coal-fired boilers, namely on fuel analysis and analytical methods, milling behaviour, fuel handling, combustion behaviour, slagging and fouling, residues and emissions. To obtain transferable data, a fundamental approach was chosen with systematic tests in lab and pilot scale using pure and synthetic waste. Project structure The basic idea of the project is that most waste materials are composed of a few major components (e.g. paper, plastic, wood, inert material, biomass). If the composition of the waste is available, i.e. the shares of the defined components and the impact of the pure waste components is known, it will be possible to predict the behaviour of the waste fuel mix. The project includes experimental investigations in lab scale to identify the main components of waste mixes. Furthermore, the fuel preparation and characterisation of the fuel mixes and single compounds of the fuels are studied in pilot scale, as is the combustion behaviour and fate of heavy metals. Three partners with previous experiences in the field of co-combustion focus on specific tasks to identify the waste components and to establish knowledge of the 136 impact on different pure wastes on the combustion, emission and operation. University Stuttgart (D), Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology (IVD), coordinates the project and investigates chemical and physical properties of the fuels and the single components, and the grinding and combustion behaviour of wastes in pilot scale. Technische Universiteit Delft (NL), Thermal Power Engineering Department, studies and profoundly characterises single waste components and waste mixtures in lab scale in order to calculate the composition of an unknown waste fuel. ENEL Produzione Research (I) investigates the fate of trace elements during co-combustion and evaluates the capture efficiency of filtration by means of dry sorbent injection. Results The partners summarised the status of co-firing and the boundary conditions in each partner country. There is a rather large base of knowledge in co-combustion of bio-fuels (straw, wood) already established. However, the potential of the large co-combustion capacity within the <strong>European</strong> power industry has yet to be recognised. There are large amounts of waste materials, which could be used as solid recovered fuels. Methods to analyse the composition of secondary fuels and secondary fuel mixtures were tested. It was demonstrated that thermo-gravimetric analysis gives an indication of the composition for most fuel mixes. Based on the characterisation work a classification of waste components was established. Preparation and handling tests indicate appropriate grinding and transport technology for the different fuels. The combustion experiments
were run with some challenges concerning feeding. Plastic particles show a particular behaviour at pulverized coal combustion conditions. In combustion, the coarse secondary fuel particles ignite and burn in different regions as the fine coal particles, changing local flame conditions. SO2- and NOX-emissions decrease when co-firing partly as a consequence of the fuel input of Sulphur and Nitrogen and ash forming constituents like Ca. The altered temperature and O2-history affects primary NOX reduction measures. The ash-forming matter behaves selectively at different surface temperatures and forms altered slag, deposit and ash compositions in comparison to coal. During the test in pilot scale concerning the heavy metals the emission limits, fixed by 2000/76/CE Directive, were complied with when the RDF thermal input did not exceed a certain percentage. The effect of activated carbon injection is significant on mercury absorption, while the overall removal of other trace metal increases very little by sorbent injection. The experiments have shown that the concept is promising for the implementation in utility boilers. For the implementation, strong focus has to be made on the fuel preparation and handling system in combination with the introduction into the combustion. The efforts necessary are strongly dependent on the quality and composition of the SRF delivered by the fuel supplier and the individual combustion system. Expected impact and exploitation The benefits of the implementation of the cocombustion technology are the reduction of CO2 emissions, by partial substitution of primary fossil fuels, and a sustainable future waste management, by developing more efficient waste pre-treatment technology. Although the waste has to be pre-treated, the cost-benefit analysis for the transformation of waste into energy offers a high potential to reduce the electricity production costs and to retrieve the necessary investment costs. The research performed in this project is a prerequisite for the widespread implementation of this technology. A detailed and systematic knowledge about the impact of different waste fuels on emissions will lead to a better acceptance of waste co-combustion by the public and the authorities. To enable the public to access the results, a project website was established. Challenges addressed in the SEFCO-project. 137 INFORMATION References: ERK5-CT-1999-00021 Programme: FP5 - <strong>Energy</strong>, Environment and Sustainable Development Title: Quality of Secondary Fuels for Pulverised Fuel Co-combustion – SEFCO Duration: 36 months Contact point: Jörg Maier Universität Stuttgart Tel: +49-711-6853369 Fax: +49-711-1212150 J.Maier@ivd.uni-stuttgart.de Partners: Universität Stuttgart (D) TU Delft (NL) ENEL Produzione (I) Website: http://www.eu-projects.de/sefco EC Scientific Officer: Pierre Dechamps Tel: +32-2-2956623 Fax: +32-2-2964288 pierre.dechamps@cec.eu.int Status: Completed
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PROJECT SYNOPSES European Bio-Energ
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Interested in European research? RT
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LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the European
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Contents � Forestry - Energy Wood
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- Studies of Fuel Blend Properties
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Expected impact and exploitation Th
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Results The main result of this pro
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Furthermore, multifuelled tests of
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Expected impact The integrated swee
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Expected impact and exploitation We
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Figure 1: Enrichment and depletion
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Greece on environmental technologie
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Project structure. Progress to date
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Progress to date The process of the
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Construction Details of DEPR-Plant.
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The most important feature of the P
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At the moment the second stage of t
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Isometric view of Corby Mixed Bio-F
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meetings and discussions have taken
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RESHMENT - Process. Project structu
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Project structure The project is or
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Results of catalytic processes. Pro
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VTT’s Process Development Unit (P
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Project structure The project is im
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• syngas cooler; • baghouses fo
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Figure 1: Typical BIGCC process sch
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Bio oil is an easy-to-use liquid. B
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3-D drawing of the envisaged pyroly
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Progress to date Project progress,
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Progress to date Both networks regu
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Finally, the project will contribut
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treatment dominate the cost structu
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Gasification product gas compositio
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Figure 1: Energy flows of the AER p
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• combustion of fuel gas in a tur
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Wood- Biomass- Bio-oil- Electricity
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Figure 1: Basic process flow diagra
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Progress to date A lot of data must
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Figure 1: Deposites of crystalline
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Figure 1: Overview of biological wa
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Page 87 and 88: During the Demonstration part of th
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Page 91 and 92: Results Selective catalytic oxidati
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Page 95 and 96: • Rebuilding a carburettor and ex
Page 97 and 98: Expected results and exploitation p
Page 99 and 100: NOVEL CHP process. Results The deve
Page 101 and 102: TARGeT Process Scheme. New combusto
Page 103 and 104: Another important result from the p
Page 105 and 106: Results At the biennial meeting in
Page 107 and 108: BFB-Plant. Furthermore from tanned
Page 109 and 110: INTCON - Mainscreen. For this appli
Page 111 and 112: From this study it was observed tha
Page 113 and 114: Expected results As the project sta
Page 115 and 116: Figure 1: Hot water accumulator and
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Page 119 and 120: Clean Coal Pre--feasibility Study L
Page 121 and 122: educed mechanism has been implement
Page 123 and 124: Progress to date During the first t
Page 125 and 126: Basic analysis methods must be take
Page 127 and 128: parameters, relevant combustion con
Page 129 and 130: This proposal specifically addresse
Page 131 and 132: Expected impact and exploitation A
Page 133 and 134: FBCOBIOW - Project. Expected impact
Page 135: The Hungarian participant will faci
Page 139 and 140: Expected impact International and n
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1: The UPSWING process. Proj
Page 143 and 144: From left to right: The logging res
Page 145 and 146: Figure 1: General layout of an inci
Page 147 and 148: Exploitation The exploitation activ
Page 149 and 150: Figure 1: Mesh for Two Stage Combus
Page 151 and 152: The advantage of fly ash in concret
Page 153 and 154: Environment • reduce emissions of
Page 155 and 156: Progress to date All the design and
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1: Flow Chart. Moreover, the
Page 159 and 160: Project structure In order to devel
Page 161 and 162: Figure 1: Expansion process within
Page 163 and 164: No tar-contaminated wastewater •
Page 165 and 166: Figure 1: View of the CHP plant, Li
Page 167 and 168: ales will be tested with the new te
Page 169 and 170: Progress to date Figure 1: Sustaina
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Page 173 and 174: Progress to date The delays of pres
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Page 179 and 180: As a result of the new agricultural
Page 181 and 182: Biomass bundling technology system.
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Page 185 and 186: Structure of the BioNorm project. E
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In the second activity, the results
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Expected impact and exploitation In
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Results The project has successfull
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Figure 1: Research Areas of WG1 and
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perception and image of bioenergy,
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to determining the consequences for
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EU Biomass Technology Pavilion in W
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for the transport sector, and you h
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husks. As this waste material is co
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Distribution of the various types o
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Expected impact and exploitation Wa
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This compilation of synopses covers
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European Bio-Energy Projects

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