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Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists Abstracts of Papers

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XICE – Abstract <strong>of</strong> <strong>Papers</strong><br />

Il est probable que les toponymes non-arabes sont, dans cette région, aussi préarabes.<br />

Au fil de leur intégration à l’arabe, ils se sont adaptés aussi bien à la<br />

phonologie qu’à la morphologie de cette langue. En règle générale, on peut dire que<br />

les noms faciles à reconnaître à travers le copte, par ex. Baqlūla < p-kelōl, « le<br />

chaudron », ou Damrū < ti-mrō, « le port », ont tendance à être tardifs. Dans le cas de<br />

noms longs qui résistent à l’étymologie, on peut déduire qu’il s’agit soit de composés<br />

égyptiens (Sandila), dont l’âge reste à préciser, soit d’emprunts du grec (Birimbāl).<br />

En revanche, on est en droit de soupçonner que les noms non-arabes qui sont courts<br />

soient pharaoniques (Sakhā), éventuellement réduits au cours des siècles par l’usure<br />

phonétique (Tīda).<br />

Une fois qu’ils ont retrouvé leur place dans la dimension géographique, les sites<br />

auxquels ces noms de lieux se réfèrent se trouvent réinvestis d’une valeur qui<br />

contribue aux études de géographie historique, même dans les cas où les vestiges<br />

archéologiques font défaut.<br />

The language <strong>of</strong> grief: Reflections on the laments <strong>of</strong> Isis and Nephthys in some<br />

mortuary liturgies attested in the C<strong>of</strong>fin Texts<br />

Roland Enmarch<br />

The term “laments” (Klagen) has been used to characterise several written traditions<br />

in Egyptian culture: 1) captions accompanying tomb scenes <strong>of</strong> funeral preparations<br />

and burial; 51 2) the speeches by Isis and Nephthys keeping vigil over the dead and<br />

resurrected Osiris, occurring most <strong>of</strong>ten in mortuary liturgies; 52 3) a rhetorical style<br />

occurring as a component <strong>of</strong> literary texts <strong>of</strong> the Middle Egyptian corpus and later,<br />

that focus on the inversion <strong>of</strong> society and nature, comparing the present unfavourably<br />

with the past. 53<br />

This paper seeks to articulate the early relationship between these traditions in the<br />

Old and Middle Kingdoms. The tomb scene captions are divisible into two broad<br />

groups: 54 first, those accompanying scenes <strong>of</strong> grieving relatives and dependents <strong>of</strong> the<br />

deceased, who are generally shown in or around the threshold <strong>of</strong> his house or<br />

embalming hall, mourning as the body is being taken away in procession. In the<br />

second scene type, the captions occur is the funeral procession itself, and is uttered by<br />

those who partake in guiding the c<strong>of</strong>fin <strong>of</strong> the deceased to his final resting place.<br />

There is a difference <strong>of</strong> tone between these groups, with the grieving relatives directly<br />

addressing the deceased, and occasionally demonstrating emotional distress. The<br />

funeral procession captions more typically stress the positive aspects <strong>of</strong> the funeral.<br />

Some <strong>of</strong> the earliest major sets <strong>of</strong> laments spoken by Isis and Nephthys occur within<br />

mortuary liturgies attested in the C<strong>of</strong>fin Texts (e.g. CT 51–59 and CT 74–5), 55 and are<br />

51 The largest collection <strong>of</strong> these captions is in E. LÜDDECKENS, ‘Untersuchungen über religiösen<br />

Gehalt, Sprache und Form der ägyptischen Totenklagen’, MDAIK 11 (1943), 1-188.<br />

52 See J. ASSMANN, Altägyptische Totenliturgien, I: Totenliturgien in den Sargtexten des Mittleren<br />

Reiches, Supplemente zu den Schriften der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-<br />

Historische Klasse 14/1 (Heidelberg, 2002), 289.<br />

53 See R. ENMARCH, A World Upturned: Commentary and Analysis <strong>of</strong> The Dialogue <strong>of</strong> Ipuwer and the<br />

Lord <strong>of</strong> All, British Academy Postdoctoral Monograph Series (Oxford, in press), §2.8.<br />

54 E.g. A. KUCHAREK, ‘70 Tage – Trauerphasen und Trauerriten in Ägypten’, in: J. ASSMANN, F.<br />

MACIEJEWSKI, and A. MICHAELS (eds.), Der Abschied von den Toten: Trauerrituale im Kulturvergleich<br />

(Göttingen, 2007), 352-4.<br />

55 ASSMANN, Altägyptische Totenliturgien I, 289-308, 411-21.<br />

82

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