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European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.20 No.4 (2008), pp.836-843 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm The Chemical Control of the Pests in the Truck Farming and the Quality of Vegetables in African Urban Cities: The Health Hazards and Security of Consumers Dembele Ardjouma Laboratoire Central d’Agrochimie et d’Ecotoxicologie, Lanada 04 BP 612 Abidjan 04 Cote D’ivoir E-mail: ardjouma@yahoo.fr, labeco@aviso.ci Tel: 00 225 05 95 95 72/ 00225 20 22 5838; Fax: 00 225 22 52 31 61 Oumarou Badini Washington State University 206 Bryan Hall PO Box 645121 Pullman, WA 99164-5121 Traore Sory Karim UFR des Sciences et Gestion de l’Environnement, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé 02 B.P 801 Abidjan 02 (Côte d’Ivoire) Mamadou Koné UFR des Sciences et Gestion de l’Environnement, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé 02 B.P 801 Abidjan 02 (Côte d’Ivoire) Coulibaly D. Ténébé UFR des Sciences de la Nature/Protection des Végétaux et de l’Environnement Université d’Abobo - Adjamé, 02 B.P. 801 Abidjan 02/Cote D’ivoire A. Abba Toure Département Environnement et Santé, Institut Pasteur, B.P. V 34 Abidjan Abstract The truck farming vegetables such as lettuce, spinach and turnip are attacked by several pests, making the use agrochemicals necessary to get a good quality and high production. The Spraying of pesticides such as Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, Acephate and Maneb allow the control of almost all insect pests and fungus diseases. The quality of the production can be compromised by the microbial contamination of these vegetables from irrigated water and accumulation of pesticides in residues, because producers don’t respect good agricultural practices. There is a need for the truck farming sector to comply with current phytosanitary regulations and quality control of marketed vegetables in order to protect consumers from health hazards. Keywords: Agrochemicals, biotechnology, phytosanitary, regulation, residues.
The Chemical Control of the Pests in the Truck Farming and the Quality of Vegetables in African Urban Cities: The Health Hazards and Security of Consumers 837 Introduction Horticulture is a vital economic sector for most African countries. In Côte d’Ivoire, this sector is confronted to pests’ attacks and phytosanitary problems. It needs to comply to the pesticides regulations and the quality control (traceability) which are now required by most industrials and export countries. The study was conducted in the “M’POUTO village” on the surroundings of the Ebrié lagoon in Abidjan, the economic capital of Côte d’Ivoire. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of pest on truck farming Lettuce, Spinach, and Turnip, and the application of agrochemicals for plant protection, and the quality of irrigation water. The specific objectives are (1) to evaluate the impact of agrochemicals application on plants pests, (2) to determine their economic incidence, (3) to monitor irrigation water quality, and (4) to control some essential production factors which are indicators of a good standard quality production. Materials And Methods Plant material The Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae or Compositaceae) is the more consumed vegetable in the world. There are approximately 149 varieties worldwide [1]. There are two main classes of lettuce: non-head forming lettuces such as the “celtuce” or “lettuce - asparagus” and the head-forming lettuces such as the “Batavia” or “curly” cabbage lettuce. Seeds germination is normal between 0°C and 25°C, and sunlight plays a major role in the growth and the development process. Lettuce has a high water demand [2], and grows well in different types of soils presenting a steady structure with good water holding capacity. In general, lettuce is a moderately heavy consumer of nutrients. Seedlings of lettuce are planted at 2 to 4 leaf-stage in well-prepared seedbeds (trays of earth) ploughed at depth and mixed to manure. The application of fertilizer (NPKS) is often necessary and must be incorporated in the soil before planting. The growth cycle is very variable (45 to 100 days) depending on the variety. Agrochemicals applications (insecticides and fungicides) on the lettuce cultures against the pest attacks are often done in the middle and end of cultural cycle. The spinach, Spinacia oleracea L. (Chénopodiaceae), is named “the prince of vegetables”. It is an annual plant generally cultivated as biennial in the vegetable exploitations gardens. The plant develops initially, on a very short axis, a rosette constituted of fifteen (15) to twenty (20) leaves. These leaves are lengthily petiolate with full limb more or less blighted. Mineral fertilization (NPK) is often necessary according to expected yields. But the poultry’s liquid manures and dejections abundantly brought are very largely sufficient to face exports of mineral elements. Watering must be sufficiently abundant to satisfy the water needs of the plant. The diseases and pest management of the plants must be carefully and frequently controlled so [3], the weedings are very important and a thinning can be practiced in case of a very dense germination and seedlings. Spinach usually matures in 35 to 45 days. The plant may be harvested from the time there are 5-6 leaves on the plant right before the seed stalk develops. The phytosanitary protection of the plants intervenes in middle and end of cycle. The turnip, Brassica rapa L. var. rapa, (Brassicaceae) is produced in specialized market gardening. The plant is normally bi-annual. In its vegetative stage it is constituted of a basal rosette made of about fifteen leaves with real green limb and bristling with rough hairs. According to the varietal type, it has a tuberous root of flattened, conical or cylindrical form and of variable color (white, yellow, black or two-tone). One notes about thirty varieties but the range of the varieties currently cultivated is rather restricted (Tokyo hybridizes F1, Chinese turnip). Turnips are primarily cultivated in full field by direct seeding on fertile well-prepared seedbeds is also possible. The needs in mineral elements are important and sustained fertilization (NPK) is needed before planting and during the growth cycle.
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