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932 Samuel N. Ndubisi and Marcel .U. Agu B. A Three phase fault was applied after 2 seconds and cleared in 4 seconds in fig 4 and the response of the FAVR is recorded below. Figure 10: (a) Step response of FAVR to three phase fault. (b) Fuzzy input voltage to the generator 5. Conclusion A proportional integral (PI) type fuzzy regulator for terminal voltage and reactive power control of turbo generators is considered in this work. The result shows that the FAVR performance is very high as compared to convectional AVR. The overshoot, settling time and rise time are highly reduced during the two tests conducted. The observed set back is on the steady state error which can be cleared by automatically tuning the gains g0, g1 and g2 to achieve the required result. 6. List of Symbols and Abbreviations Symbols δ () t power angle of the generator, radian. ω () t rotor speed of the generator, radian/s P mechanical power, p.u. m () t P e active electrical power delivered by the generator, p.u. E′ q () t transient EMF in the quadratic axis in the generator, p.u. E f () t equivalent EMF in the excitation coil, p.u. Vt () t generator terminal voltage, p.u. V s infinite bus voltage, p.u. U f output of the PI fuzzy controller. H inertia constant V error voltage e V setpoint or reference voltage d V exciter output voltage f K E exciter gain K generator model gain G τ E exciter time constant τ generator time constant G g , g , g fuzzy gains 1 2 0
A Rule-Based Fuzzy Automatic Voltage Regulator for Power System Stability 933 Abbreviations AVR automatic voltage regulator LFC load frequency control FLC fuzzy logic controller FAVR fuzzy automatic voltage regulator CAVR conventional automatic voltage regulator SMIB single machine infinite bus PI proportional and integral controller PID proportional, integral and derivative controller Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Power Holdings Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Enugu Distribution Zone. References [1] Hogg B.W, “Representation and control of turbo generators in electric power systems,” Chapter 5 in modeling of dynamical systems vol 2: PP 112 - 149 1981. [2] Zadeh L.A “Outline of a new approach to the analysis of complex systems and decision processes,” IEEE Trans. on systems, man and cybernetics, Vol 3, no 1, 1973, PP 28 - 44 [3] Hassan M.A.M, Malik O.P and Hope G.S, “A fuzzy logic based stabilizer for a synchronous machine,” IEEE Trans. on Energy conversion, vol. 6, no 3, 1991 PP 407- 413. [4] Weng J.Y, Cheng S.J., Malik O.P. “A Synchronous generator fuzzy excitation controller optimally designed with a genetic algorithm” IEEE Trans on power systems vol 13, no3, PP 884 884 – 889, August 1998. [5] Hassan A.R, Sadrul Ula A.H.M “Design and implementation of a fuzzy controller Based Automatic Voltage Regulator for a Synchronous Generator.” IEEE Trans. on Energy conversion, Vol 9, No 3, September 1994. [6] El-Metwally K.A, and Malik O.P, “Fuzzy logic power system stabilizer.” IEE proceedings on Generation, Transmission and Distribution Vol 142, no 3, May 1995, PP 277 – 281. [7] Passion K.M and Yurkovich S. “Fuzzy control” Addison Wesley Longman, Inc 1998 [8] Tsoukalas L.H. and Uhrig R.E “Fuzzy and Neural Approach in Engineering.” John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1997 [9] Mamdani E.H and Assilian S., “An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller” International Journal of man - machine studies, vol 7, 1975, PP 1-13. [10] Mamdani E.H; “Advances in the linguistic synthesis of fuzzy controllers,” International Journal of man - machine studies, vol 8, 1976, PP 669-678. [11] Mamdani E.H, Ostergaard J.J and Lambessis E., “Use of fuzzy logic for implementing rulebase control of industrial processes” Fuzzy sets and Decision Analysis, North Holland: Amsterdam, 1984, PP 429-445 [12] Kundur P, “Power system stability and control,” Mc Graw-Hill, Inc NY 1994. [13] Wang Y, Hill D. J, Middleton R.H and Gao L. “Transient stability Enhancement and voltage Regulation for power systems,” IEEE Trans on Power systems, vol 8, PP 620-627, 1993 [14] Guo Y., Hill D.J. and Wary Y, “Global Transient stability and voltage Regulation for power systems” IEEE Transaction on power systems. Vol 16, No 4, PP 678-688, 2001.
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