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Toxicity of Arsenic in the Ground Water of Comarca-Lagunera (Mexico) 874 Generalized residual alkalinity Residual alkalinity (Van Beek and Van Breemen, 1973), resulting from the concept of residual carbonate (Eaton, 1950), it is obtained by difference between carbonated alkalinity (Alcc) and the total concentrations of the divalent cations in solution: AR = Alcc-2(Ca 2+) T-2(Mg 2+ )T (1) It is expressed in equivalents per litter of solution. The evolution way of the solution concentrations under evaporation conditions can be predicted according to the sign of the residual alkalinity. This concept was generalized with successive precipitation of some minerals such as calcite-gypsum sequence (Al-Droubi, 1976; Valles, 1987; Valles and al, 1989; Valles and al, 1991). It corresponds to a ionic balance which let foreseen the main geochemical interactions. Until little time ago, this method was used to foreseen the way of evolution of a concentrating solution or to precise the geochemical group of solutions. Since not so far time ago, the conservative character of residual alkalinity was theoretically predicted (Valles and al, 1991) and was showed on field conditions (Ribolzi and al., 1993). Consequently this concept can be used in the applications to quantitative purpose such as the decomposition of a flood flow hydrogram (Giusti and Neal, 1993; Ribolzi and al, 1996). It was largely used by Gonzalez Barrios (1992) to explain the behaviour of major chemical elements in the groundwater of the Comarca Lagunera. The results of this study are synthesized in the following part. Results and discussion The arsenic content of 52 groundwater samples was taken from Gonzalez Barrios (1992) as well as the major chemical elements. The groundwater data bases are reported in appendix 1.1 and 1.2. Statistical study of arsenic concentrations and other elements This part focused the danger of toxicity by mineral arsenic. The groundwater analysis was made in Mexico at the laboratory of INIFAP CENID-RASPA in 1989, with traditional procedures: thermoelectric atomic absorption method. Table 1: Statistics on arsenic and other chemical elements concentrations Variable Average Minimum Maximum Variance Standar deviation Variation Coefficient Unit Carbonated Alkalinity 2,86E-03 1,30E-03 6,40E-03 1,28E-06 1,13E-03 3,95E-01 Eq L -1 H 3,02E-05 5,01E-06 1,00E-04 6,07E-13 2,46E-05 8,15E-01 mg L -1 Na 1,84E+02 4,60E+01 8,14E+02 1,16E+00 1,63E+02 8,90E-01 mg L -1 Ca 1,11E+02 2,00E+01 5,49E+02 2,66E-01 1,03E+02 9,28E-01 mg L -1 Mg 2,80E+01 1,22E+00 2,15E+02 7,19E-02 4,18E+01 1,50E+00 mg L -1 Cl 8,15E+01 1,06E+01 2,66E+02 1,23E-01 6,59E+01 8,09E-01 mg L -1 SO4 5,24E+02 5,28E+01 2,88E+03 3,19E+00 5,53E+02 1,06E+00 mg L -1 Pb 2,49E-02 2,07E-04 2,30E-01 1,26E-08 5,12E-02 2,06E+00 mg L -1 Zn 2,16E-02 6,54E-05 6,00E-01 1,12E-07 8,56E-02 3,96E+00 mg L -1 Cu 5,13E-04 6,35E-05 1,70E-02 9,34E-11 2,43E-03 4,75E+00 mg L -1 As 9,96E-02 1,00E-02 5,50E-01 2,29E-07 1,31E-01 1,32E+00 mg L -1 EC 1,59E+00 3,67E-01 6,40E+00 1,44E+00 1,20E+00 7,55E-01 dS cm -1
875 Faten Semadi, Vincent Valles and Jose Luis Gonzalez Barrios Figure 2: Arsenic concentration compared with the statistical and norm values Table 2: Arsenic statistical and norm values and ratios Minimum K1 Average K2 Maximum Norm K3 0.01 1/5 0.096 1.9 0.55 0.05 11 K1 = Minimum / norm values ratio K2 = Average / norm values ratio K3 = Maximum / norm values ratio According with table 1 and 2, as well as figure 2, the arsenic content in groundwater exceeds the effective norm; the minimal value remains lower than norm value average arsenic value is almost two times greater the norm value (K2 = 1.9). The maximum value exceeds eleven times the norm value (K3 = 11). Seeking natural mechanisms for explain the observed arsenic contents Chemical types of water and theirs evolutions Figure 3: chemical types of groundwaters and their evolution The PIPER diagrams are useful for characterising chemical solutions. They provide rich and practical information for the qualitative description of water. They make possible to visualize the relative contents of cations and anions expressed as a percentage, and help to determine the geochemical type of water with the diagram subdivisions on triangles and a rhombus.
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