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Effects of Ethyl acetate Portion of Syzygium Aromaticum Flower Bud Extract on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration and Gastric Secretion 912 [14] Heggers, J.P., Cottingham, J., Gusman, J., et al. (2002). The effectiveness of processed grapefruit seed extract as an antibacterial agent: II. Mechanism of action and in-vitro toxicity. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 8: 333-340. [15] Ibn Al – Baytar (1869). Qaranful (clove). In: Al Jame’ Li- Mufradat al advia wal Aghzia (Arabic). Volume IV. Edited by: Ibn Al – Batyar. Matba Zahiyah, Zaaherah Mutawaffarah, Cairo, Egypt, Pp: 7-9. [16] Jenkins, G.L., Knevel, A.M. and Digangi, F.E. (1967). Quantitative Pharmaceutical chemistry. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, America, Pp: 455-462. [17] Khan, M.A. (1893). Qaranful (clove). In: Moheet-e-Azam (Persian). Volume III. Edited by: Khan M.A., Matba Nizami, Kanpur, India, Pp: 296. [18] Khory, R.N., and Katrak, N.N. (1985). Eugenia caryophyllata. In: Materia Medica of India and their therapeutics. Edited by Khory, R.N., Katrak, N.N., Neeraj Publishing House, Delhi, India, Pp: 264-265. [19] Kim, S.C., Byun, S.H., Yang, C.H., et al. (2004). Cytoprotective effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract and its active component liquiritigenin against cadmium-induced toxicity (effects on bad translocation and cytochrome c-mediated PARP cleavage). Toxicology, 197(3): 239-251. [20] Kyogoku, K., Hatayama, K., Yokomori, S., et al. (1979). Anti-ulcer effect of isoprenyl flavonoids. II.Synthesis and anti-ulcer activity of new chalcones related to sophoradin. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 27: 2943-2952. [21] La Casa, C., Villegas, I., Alarcon de la Lastra, C., Motilva, V. and Calero, M. J. M. (2000).Evidence for protective and anti-oxidant properties of rutine, a natural flavone, against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71: 45-53. [22] Levine, R. J. (1965). Stimulation by saliva of gastric secretion in rat. Life Sciences, 4: 959 – 964. [23] Liu, C.F., Lin, C.C., Lin, M.H., Lin, Y.S. and Lin, S.C. (2002). Cytoprotection by propolis ethanol extract of acute absolute ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. Am. J.Chin. Med., 30(2-3): 245-254. [24] Lorke, D. (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol., 54: 275- 287. [25] Magaji, R.A. and Yaro, A.H. (2006). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Cold Aqueous Extract of Syzygium aromaticum. Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics, 3 (1): 4-6. [26] Moron, F., Javor, T., Bata, M., Fiegler, M. and Mozsik, G. (1982). The relationship between indomethacin – induced gastric ulcer, ulcer protection by cimetidine and prostacyclin and the cAMP system of the gastric fundic mucosa in the rat. Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 60 (3): 149 – 153. [27] Motilva, V., Alarcon, de la Lastra, C. and Martin, M.J. (1994). Ulcer-protecting effects of naringenin on gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rat: role of endogenous prostaglandins. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 46: 91-94. [28] Nadkarni, K. M. (2000). Myrtus caryophyllus. In: Materia Medica. Edited by: Nadkarni A.K., Popular Prakashan (pvt Ltd), Mumbai, India, Pp: 835-836. [29] Okabe, S., Honda, K., Takeuchi, K. and Takagi, K. (1975). Inhibitory effect of l-glutamine on gastric irritation and back diffusion of gastric acid in response to aspirin in the rat. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 20 (7): 626-631. [30] Okabe, S., Takeuchi, K., Urushidani, T., and Takagi, K. (1977). Effects of cimetidine, a histamine H2 – receptor antagonist on various experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 22: 677 – 684. [31] Pastrada-Bonilla, E., Akoh, C.C., Sellappan, S. and Krewer, G. (2003). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51(18): 5497-5503.
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