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SUMMARY Sexological Review 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, 35-55 PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONAL RISK FROM SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV Eleanor MA TICKA-TNDALE* Joseph J. LÉVY** The development of a perception of personal susceptibility or insusceptibility to HIV infection as a result of sexual activity is examined using data collected from 866 CEGEP students in Montreal in the winter of 1988-1989. The influence of eues, as conceptualized in the Health Belief Model, judgmental heuristics, as conceptualized by Kahneman and Tversky (1972, 1979), and the preventive actions which young adults claimed to be taking on risk perception were examined using both survey and interview data. Contingency table and logit analyses of survey data led to the conclusion that men's risk perceptions were most strongly influenced by contact with friends who had been tested for HIV, and secondarily by having had more than one coital partner. While these factors also influenced risk perception on the part of women, they only held for women who were not currently in a relationship. Analysis of interviews suggested that judgmental heuristics played an intervening role which explained the development of particular perceptions and the gender differences found in logit analyses. Key Words AIDS; risk perception; sexual risk behaviors; young adults. Preventing AlOS requires a voluntary change in behaviors which permit the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Oespite relatively widespread dissemination of information about HIV transmission and methods of prevention, empirical work has documented the persistence of risky behaviors. This leads to the question, "Why do people continue to take risks?" ln a review of health promotion research, Mays et al. (1989) suggest that the key factor motivating preventive action is a perception of personal * Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Hospital, 1403 29 St. N, Calgary (Alberta) T2N 219. * * Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, c.P. 8888, succursale A, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3P8.
36 Revue sexologique / Sexological RevÎew susceptibility or risk. This paper examines the development of a perception of risk for sexual transmission of HIV among young adults using the results of surveys and in-depth interviews collected from a sample of 17-22 year old students attending Montreal CEG EPs (Collèges d'enseignement général et professionnel) in the winter of 1988-1989. Perception of susceptibility Two approaches have been taken to understanding risk perception, that of the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974; Rosenstock, 1974) and that of Classical Decision Theory (Kronenfeld and Glik, 1990). In the Health Belief Model, risk perception, triggered by various cues, is one of three causal factors which form an additive relationship to produce preventive actions. A review of research on AIDS prevention suggests that the general lack of effective preventive action is primarily a result of a lack of perceived susceptibility (Dawson and Cynamon, 1988; Dupras et al., 1989; King et al., 1988; Masters, Johnson and Kolodny, 1988; Bauman and Siegel, 1987; Dawson et al., 1987; Results Group, 1987). Consequently, researchers using the Health Belief Model have turned to an examination of the cues which are likely to trigger a perception of personal risk. Four such cues have been empirically identified: direct contact with AIDS through friends (Joseph et al., 1987); living in an area where there is a high rate of AIDS (Calabrese et al., 1986; DiClemente et al., 1987); taking a blood test associated with identification of AIDS (Kutchinsky, 1988); and participation in educational programmes or possession of at least a minimal level of awareness of AIDS (Becker and Joseph, 1988). The work of Kahneman and Tversky (1972, 1979) and Weinstein (1980, 1982) in Classical Decision Theory focuses on understanding how individuals develop perceptions of personal susceptibility or insusceptibility. Kahneman and Tversky have identified three judgmental heuristics which are operational in developing personal perceptions. In the first, the representativeness heuristic, personal susceptibility is based on one's perceived similarity to those believed or known to be at risk. This is illustrated in the work of Weston and Jeffrey (1988) and Patton (1986) who relate the absence of risk perception to the association of AIDS with "badness", deviant lifestyles and stigmatized behaviors, categories which few individuals are prepared to see as representative of themselves. I the second, the availability heuristic, susceptibility is influenced by the ease with which one can imagine, recall or conceptualize threatening situations
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La déprssion sexuelle chez les hom
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DURÉE La déprssion sexuelle chez
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La dépression seuelle chez les hom
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RÉSUMÉ Revue sexo!ogique, 1993, v
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Sida et sexualité dans la fiction
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