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1er CHAPITRE - African Wildlife Foundation

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COMPORTEMENT<br />

probabilité de compléter une période entière<br />

d’observation.<br />

10.6 CONCLUSIONS<br />

L’étude du comportement des éléphants est une tâche<br />

difficile mais méritoire qui demande a être bien<br />

étudiée. Les objectifs de l’étude doivent être énoncés<br />

clairement; la méthodologie doit convenir à ces<br />

objectifs, impliquer un dérangement minime au<br />

comportement normal de l’éléphant et leur éviter le<br />

stress. Quand il s’agit de grands animaux avec une<br />

longue vie ayant des grandes variations individuelles<br />

dans leur comportement, il peut être difficile de<br />

généraliser, à moins que la taille des échantillons soit<br />

grande et que la durée de l’étude s’étende sur une<br />

longue période. Il est néanmoins possible d’obtenir<br />

des données cruciales pour la survie et pour une<br />

gestion réussie des éléphants en faisant des études de<br />

comportement, et les difficultés pratiques peuvent être<br />

surmontées grâce à une préparation minutieuse des<br />

observations.<br />

10.7 AUTRE LITTÉRATURE<br />

Le document de Jeanne Altmann est d’importancc<br />

essentielle:<br />

120<br />

Altmann, J. (1974) Observational study of<br />

behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour<br />

49: 227-65.<br />

Les livres suivants sont une introduction très utile<br />

aux observations de comportement et de leurs<br />

applications:<br />

McFarland, D. (Editor) (1981) The Oxford<br />

Companion to Animnal Behaviour. Oxford<br />

University Press, Oxford.<br />

Martin, P. and Bateson, P. (1986) Measuring<br />

Behaviour: An Introductory Guide.<br />

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.<br />

Sackett, G.P. (Editor) (1978) Observing<br />

Behaviour Vol. II: Data Collection and<br />

Analysis Methods. University Park Press,<br />

Baltimore.<br />

Lehner, P.N. (1979) Handbook of Ethological<br />

Methods. Garland STMP Press, New York.<br />

Quelques connaissances statistiques sont une grande<br />

aide avant de commencer une étude. Les textes<br />

suivants sont des informations de base:<br />

Bibliographie<br />

Siegal, S. and Castellan, N.J. Jr. (1988)<br />

Non parametric Statistics for the Behavioural<br />

Sciences. McGraw-Hill, London.<br />

Snedcor, G.W. and Cocran, W.G. (1980)<br />

Statistical Methods (7th Edition). Iowa State<br />

University Press, Ames, Iowa.<br />

Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1981) Biometry<br />

(2nd Edition). W.F. Freeman, San<br />

Francisco.<br />

ALTMANN, J. (1974) Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods.Behaviour<br />

49, 227-65.<br />

DUNBAR, R.I.M. (1976) Some aspects of research design and their implications in<br />

the observational study of behaviour. Behaviour 58,79-98.<br />

GINSBERG, JR. & YOUNG, T.P. (1992) Measuring associations between individuals<br />

or groups in behavioural studies. Animal Behaviour 22, 377-379.<br />

HARCOURT, A.H. (1978) Activity periods and pattems of social interaction: a<br />

neglected problem. Behaviour 66, 121-35.<br />

HINDE, R.A. & ATKINSON. S (1970) Assessing the roles of social partners in<br />

maintaining mutual proximity, as exemplified by mother-infant relations in rhesus<br />

monkeys. Animal Behaviour 18, 169-76<br />

LEE, P.C. (1983) species, study sites and methods, In Primate Social Relationships:<br />

An Integrated Approach (Ed. R.A. Hinde), pp 8-16 Blackwell, Oxford.<br />

LEE, P.C. (1986) Early social development among <strong>African</strong> elephant calves. Notional<br />

Geographic Research 2,388-401.<br />

LEE, P.C. (1987) Allomothering among <strong>African</strong> elephants. Animal Behaviour 35,<br />

278-91.<br />

MARTIN, P. & BATESON, P. (1986) Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide.<br />

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.<br />

MOSS, C.J. (1983) Oestrous behaviour and female choice in the <strong>African</strong> elephant.<br />

Behaviour 86,167-96<br />

MOSS, C.J. (1988) Elephant Memories. Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant<br />

Family. Willian Morrow and Company, New York<br />

POOLE, J.H. (1987) Rutting behaviour in Atrican elephants: the phenomenon of musth.<br />

Behaviour 102,283-316.<br />

POOLE, J.H. (1989) Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in <strong>African</strong><br />

elephants. Animal Behaviour 37, 140-152.<br />

POOLE, J.H. & MOSS, C.J. (1989) Elephant male searching: group dynamics and<br />

vocal and olfactory communication. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London<br />

61, 111-125.<br />

RHINE, R.J. & LIN VILLE, A.K. (1980) Properties of one-zero scores in observational<br />

studies of primate social behaviour: the effect of assumptions on empirical analyses.<br />

Primates 21, 111-22.<br />

SIEGAL, S & CASTELLAN, N.J. (1988) Nonparomelric Stotistics for the Behavioural<br />

Sciences. McCraw-Hill, London.<br />

SLATER, P.J.B. & LESTER, N.P (1982) Minimising errors in splitting behaviour<br />

into bouts. Behaviour 79, 153-161.<br />

TINBERGEN, N. (1963) On aims and methods of ethology. Zietschrift fur<br />

Tierpsychologie 20, 410-33.<br />

WHITE, F.J. & BURGMAN, M.A. (1990) Social organization of the pygmy<br />

chimpanzee (Panpaniscus) -multivariate arialyses of intra-community associations.<br />

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83,193-201.

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