il libro - Silvio Riondato

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On Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
Other than various compressions to human rights and liberties, in such cases
the Constitution authorizes also the exercise of quite broad legislative powers by the
executive power, which – as if it was not enough – cannot be challenged for unconstitutionality
before the Constitutional Court (Art. 148, para. 1).
For the criminal lawyer is, therefore, fundamental to understand when such
exceptional circumstances recur, in order to make clear when personal rights and
freedoms can be posed at stake by possible abuses of the State powers, facilitated by
the weakened constitutional individual safeguards.
First of all, it must be said that, compared to other European constitutions, the
number of the various types of states of exception, so to say, is quite impressive.
Whereas other constitutions, in a logic of pure exception, establishes usually one or
two of such states (in Italy only the state of war, in Spain the estado de excepción and
the estado de sitio, in France the état d’urgence and the état de siège), the Turkish Constitution
prescribes two states of emergency, the state of martial law, the mobilization
and the state of war.
A rst kind of state of emergency can be declared in the event of natural disaster,
dangerous epidemic diseases or a serious economic crisis (Art. 119). A second kind of
state of emergency can be declared in the event of serious indications of widespread
acts of violence aimed at the destruction of the free democratic order established by
the Constitution or of fundamental rights and freedoms, or serious deterioration
of public order because of acts of violence (Art. 120). Both states of emergency are
declared by the Council of Ministers, meeting under the chairmanship of the President
of the Republic, after consultation with the National Security Council, with
regard to one or more regions or throughout the country for a period not exceeding
six months. is decision shall be published in the Ocial Gazette and shall be
submitted immediately to the Turkish Grand National Assembly for approval. e
Assembly may alter the duration of the state of emergency, extend the period, for a
maximum of four months only, each time at the request of the Council of Ministers,
or may lift the state of emergency (Art. 121).
e grounds for the declaration are so broadly described that they can comprise
the most disparate situations (the spread of violent criminality, terrorist attacks, serious
political crimes, the spread of diseases...). During the states of emergency the
nancial, material and labour obligations which are to be imposed on citizens and
the procedure as to how fundamental rights and freedoms shall be restricted or suspended
in line with the principles of Article 15, how and by what means the measures
necessitated by the situation shall be taken, what sort of powers shall be conferred
on public servants, what kind of changes shall be made in the status of ocials, and
the procedure governing emergency rule, shall be regulated by the Law on State of
Emergency. Moreover, as we saw before, the Council of Ministers may issue decrees
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