Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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88 Chapter 3: Transduction Platforms AgCl AgCl+e – → Ag + Cl – E 0 = +0.22V (3.58) Flow of Electrons Fig. 3.14 The half cell within the doted space is called an silver-silver chloride reference electrode. Consider the cell shown in Fig. 3.14. In this example, we intend to measure the relative concentrations of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ . Pt is used as it does not interact with the aqueous Fe ions. The two half reactions can be written as follow: 9 Fe 3+ + e – Fe 2+ E 0 = 0.77 V (3.59) AgCl(s) + e – Ag (s) + Cl – Voltmeter (V) Salt bridge Ag Pt Saturated KCl solution Ag + Cl – ↔ AgCl + e – Porous glass From Eq. (3.57) the electrode potentials will be: Fe 2+ Fe 3+ Fe 3+ (aq) + e – ↔ Fe 2+ (aq) E 0 = 0.22 V (3.60) E+ = 0.77 V – 0.0591 V log ( [Fe 2+ ]/[Fe 3+ ] ), (3.61)
3.4 Electrical Transducers E– = 0.22 V – 0.0591 V log ( [Cl – ] ). (3.62) The concentration of Cl - remains constant, maintained by the saturated KCl solution. Therefore, the measured differential voltage E = E– – E+ only changes when ratio of [Fe 2+ ]/[Fe 3+ ] changes. As a result, obviously, this system can be used as a Fe ion sensor. A commercial silver-silver chloride reference electrode generally consists of a silver wire or silver substrate coated with silver chloride which is dipped in a solution of a salt such as potassium chloride (usually 1M). The deposition of the silver chloride layer is commercially viable practice. For instance, it can be obtained by making the silver plate the anode of an electrochemical cell with a platinum cathode and potassium chloride as electrode. Several minutes of electrolyzation with a positive potential, as small as 0.5 V, oxidizes the silver surface to silver ions. The silver ions will attract chloride ions to form the silver chloride films in the process. The voltage of a reference electrode with saturated KCl is approximately +0.197 V (slightly smaller than the standard solution voltage). Fig. 3.15 shows an Ag/AgCl reference electrode set-up. Fig. 3.15 A schematic of a commercial silver-silver chloride reference electrode. The saturated calomel electrode (mercury chloride) is another common reference electrode in electrochemical sensors. The standard half-cell reaction is: 89
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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138 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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212 Chapter 5: Characterization Tec
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Chapter 6: Inorganic Nanotechnology
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6.2 Density and Number of States 28
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2 6.2 Density and Number of States
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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7.2 Surface Interactions 377 Fig. 7
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7.2 Surface Interactions 379 There
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Fig. 7.12 The schematic of physical
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Fig. 7.13 Formation of SAMs. 7.2 Su
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7.2 Surface Interactions 385 ple, t
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7.3 Surface Materials and Surface M
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7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enab
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7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices
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Fig. 7.36 The general structure of
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+ 7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology En
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7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotid
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Fig. 7.57 The structure of DNA stra
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.8 Biomagnetic Sensors 7.8 Biomagn
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7.9 Summary 471 metal oxides, carbo
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References 473 19 T. Kunitake, Ange
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63 J. X. Huang, S. Virji, B. H. Wei
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References 477 105 M. Plomer, G. G.
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References 479 145 R. F. Service, S
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7.8 References 481 185 J. Wang, D.
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Remote plasma enhanced CVD (RPECVD)
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Thin film equivalent circuit ... 32
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Optical waveguides ................
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Semiconductor-semiconductor junctio
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About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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