Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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+ 7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors 427 instead of NAD co-factor. Reprinted with permission from the Elsevier 121 publications. 7.4.9 Motor Proteins in Sensing Applications Motor proteins are interesting tools in nanotechnology. Apart from the enzyme regulation and the cell signaling, they also play an important role in moving molecules in cells. They generate the force which is responsible for movements in cells and muscle contractions. Examples are activities such as the movement of organelles along the molecular tracks in a cell, enzymes along a DNA strand, and moving chromosomes during mitosis (the division of molecules in eukaryotic cells). Plenty of applications are emerging for such proteins in the field of sensing. In an interesting work, Oliver et al have shown that the electromotility of the outer cells of the mammalian cochlea can be mediated by a voltage-sensitive motor molecule for cochlear amplification. 122 These proteins can also be associated with microtubules, contributing to the sensory mechanism that activates the checkpoints for bio-events that are completed in the correct order. 123 The motor proteins’ movements use energy from other sources. Without a foreign energy provider the protein only moves randomly. In order to make a movement in one direction, one of the movement steps should be irreversible. Many motor proteins use the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule which is bound to the protein. When the ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases a phosphate and ADP. Many motor proteins generate movement in this way. Myosin, which is a muscle motor protein, can run along the actin filaments to generate muscle contraction. Kinesin (Fig. 7.48) is involved in the chromosomes movements during mitosis. Some of these proteins which are involved in the replication of DNA, can move themselves along DNA strands at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second which is a phenomenal rate.
428 Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors Fig. 7.48 How Kinesin functions as a motor protein. 7.4.10 Transmembrane Sensors The membrane of a cell contains a number of integral membrane proteins. These proteins can be integrated within, placed on the outside of, or throughout the membrane (Fig. 7.49).
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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64 Chapter 3: Transduction Platform
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100 Chapter 3: Transduction Platfor
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136 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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212 Chapter 5: Characterization Tec
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Chapter 6: Inorganic Nanotechnology
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6.2 Density and Number of States 28
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2 6.2 Density and Number of States
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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References 477 105 M. Plomer, G. G.
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References 479 145 R. F. Service, S
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7.8 References 481 185 J. Wang, D.
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Remote plasma enhanced CVD (RPECVD)
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Thin film equivalent circuit ... 32
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Optical waveguides ................
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Semiconductor-semiconductor junctio
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About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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