Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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138 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and Patterning Techniques tens of nano-meters which highlights the underlying importance of the nano-metric dimensions in the properties of magnetic systems. Several synthetic approaches of magnetic nano-particles include: thermal 12 and sonochemical 13 decomposition of organometallic precursors, high-temperature reduction of metal salts, 14 and reduction inside reverse micelles 15 to name a few. 4.2.3 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles There has been an enormous amount of research carried out into synthesizing metallic nanoparticles especially noble metals such as gold and platinum. The reason for such widespread efforts is the novel use of noble metal nanoparticles in a wide variety of applications, such as medicine, electronics and optics. In sensors, nanoparticles of this type can be put to use as catalysts, biomaterial tags, optical resonators and many other functional devices. Due to their inert nature, noble metals are generally not hazardous to living tissue and hence they are becoming attractive in biosensing and biotechnology. They exhibit properties that are markedly different from those of their bulk counterparts, are very stable, and their size can be easily controlled via the synthesis approach chosen. Colloidal gold nanoparticles are among the most stable metal nanoparticles and have many fascinating properties. For example, their size and quantum confinement effects cause them to absorb and scatter light several orders of magnitude greater than other materials. 5 Certainly, the breakthroughs reported by Schmid 16 and other research groups 17 have caused research into gold nanoparticles into the spotlight. One of the conventional methods for the synthesis of gold nano-particles is the reduction of gold(III) derivatives. In 1951, Turkevitch et al 18 suggested the use of citrate for reducing HAuCl4 in aqueous conditions to synthesize gold nanoparticles with dimensions of approximately 20 nm. Later Frens et al 19 showed that gold nano-particles of predetermined dimensions (16 and 147 nm) could be obtained by controlling the ratio between the reducing and stabilizing agents (the trisodium citrate-to-gold ratio). This method still remains very popular and is especially useful for applications where the surface of the gold particles are functionalized or capped with ligands. As an example, Fig. 4. shows the preparation of sodium 3mercaptopropionate-stabilised gold nanoparticles, 20 where citrate salt and amphiphilic surfactant molecules were simultaneously added. Reductive synthesis of metal nano-particles is by no means limited to gold, as many noble metals can be synthesized similarly.
4.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles 139 Fig. 4.1 The procedure for preparing anionic mercapto-ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles in aqueous media. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier publications. 20 Templates can also be employed during the synthesis of nano-particles. For instance, Zhao and Crooks reported the use of dendrimers (dendrimers will be described in Chap. 7) as templates for the synthesis of platinum and other metals. 21,22 The nanoparticles were prepared by sequestering metal ions within supramolecular organic assemblies, namely polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, 23 followed by chemical reduction to yield the corresponding metallic nanoparticles. The dendrimers served as both the template and stabilizer. The dimensions of such particles depend on the number of metal ions initially loaded into the dendrimer. By preloading a dendrimer nanotemplate with suitable metal ions and then chemically reducing this composite in-situ, a dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanocluster may be synthesized as shown in Fig. 4.2. 24
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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64 Chapter 3: Transduction Platform
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188 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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212 Chapter 5: Characterization Tec
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Chapter 6: Inorganic Nanotechnology
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6.2 Density and Number of States 28
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2 6.2 Density and Number of States
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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7.2 Surface Interactions 377 Fig. 7
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7.2 Surface Interactions 379 There
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Fig. 7.12 The schematic of physical
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Fig. 7.13 Formation of SAMs. 7.2 Su
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7.2 Surface Interactions 385 ple, t
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7.3 Surface Materials and Surface M
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7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enab
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7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices
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Fig. 7.36 The general structure of
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+ 7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology En
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7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotid
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Fig. 7.57 The structure of DNA stra
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.8 Biomagnetic Sensors 7.8 Biomagn
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7.9 Summary 471 metal oxides, carbo
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References 473 19 T. Kunitake, Ange
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63 J. X. Huang, S. Virji, B. H. Wei
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References 477 105 M. Plomer, G. G.
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References 479 145 R. F. Service, S
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7.8 References 481 185 J. Wang, D.
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Remote plasma enhanced CVD (RPECVD)
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Thin film equivalent circuit ... 32
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Optical waveguides ................
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Semiconductor-semiconductor junctio
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About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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