Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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256 Chapter 5: Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials lenses and enlarged. Eventually by striking a phosphor or CCD surface it forms an image. Fig. 5.35 Schematic diagram of a TEM set-up. The TEM has the capability to create both electron microscope images (information in real space) and diffraction patterns (information in reciprocal space) for the same region by adjusting the strength of the magnetic lenses. 91 By inserting a selected area aperture and using parallel incident beam illumination, a selected area electron diffraction pattern from an area as small as several hundreds to a few nm in diameter is obtained. Crystal structures can also be investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) where the images are formed due to differences in phase of electron waves scattered through a thin specimen. The emergence of HRTEM has allowed the direct reconstruction of Bragg differential electron beams to create interference patters, which in
5.7 Electron Microscopy 257 favorable cases of simple projected electrons, give a representation of the underlying crystallographic diffraction grating. Fig. 5.36 shows near atomic resolution images of SnO2 nanowires that were synthesized at elevated temperatures. 92 Such nanowires are of particular interest because of their potential in the fabrication of nanoscale devices and sensors. SnO2 is a well-known functional material used particularly in optoelectronic devices and gas sensors. In this example, the TEM has been employed to carry out detailed characterization of the crystal structure. From the figure, the nanowires are flat and straight in the form of nanobelts, and their widths are several tens of nanometers. More interestingly, from the high resolution TEM images and selected area electron diffraction, the crystallographic configuration of the SnO2 nanowires could also be determined. Fig. 5.36 (a) TEM image of a rutile structured SnO2 nanowire. (b) High-resolution TEM image of the nanowire. (c) Corresponding FFT of the image, and (d) selected area electron diffraction pattern from the nanowire. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society publications. 92
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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64 Chapter 3: Transduction Platform
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100 Chapter 3: Transduction Platfor
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136 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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Page 218 and 219: 206 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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7.2 Surface Interactions 377 Fig. 7
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7.2 Surface Interactions 379 There
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Fig. 7.12 The schematic of physical
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Fig. 7.13 Formation of SAMs. 7.2 Su
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7.2 Surface Interactions 385 ple, t
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7.3 Surface Materials and Surface M
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7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enab
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7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices
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Fig. 7.36 The general structure of
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+ 7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology En
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7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotid
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Fig. 7.57 The structure of DNA stra
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.8 Biomagnetic Sensors 7.8 Biomagn
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7.9 Summary 471 metal oxides, carbo
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References 473 19 T. Kunitake, Ange
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63 J. X. Huang, S. Virji, B. H. Wei
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References 477 105 M. Plomer, G. G.
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References 479 145 R. F. Service, S
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7.8 References 481 185 J. Wang, D.
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Remote plasma enhanced CVD (RPECVD)
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Thin film equivalent circuit ... 32
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Optical waveguides ................
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Semiconductor-semiconductor junctio
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About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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