Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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254 Chapter 5: Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials Fig. 5.33 High-resolution SEM images of carbon nanotubes grown on a 5 nm Ni catalyst layer thickness; (a) top view and (b) side view. Reprinted with permission from the American Institute of Physics publications. 88 Fig. 5.34 SEM micrographs (cross-sectional view) of organic layers deposited onto monolayers of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) on gold coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducers for biosensing applications. Left: (PAH/PSS)12/ anti-IgG multilayer film on a MPA-treated gold QCM electrode; Right: (PAH/PSS)12/(anti-IgG/PSS)4/anti-IgG multilayer film on a MPA-treated gold QCM. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society publications. 89
5.7 Electron Microscopy 255 Nowadays SEMs are designed for specific purposes ranging from routine morphological studies, cryogenic studies, to high-speed compositional analyses or for the study of environment-sensitive materials. 5.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) In a TEM, a beam of focused high energy electrons is transmitted through a thin sample to reveal information about its morphology, crystallography, particle size distribution, and its elemental composition. It is capable of providing atomic-resolution lattice images, as well as giving chemical information at a spatial resolution of 1 nm or better. Because the unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials not only depend on their composition, but also on their structures, TEM provides a means for characterizing and understanding such structures. TEM is unique as it can be used to focus on a single nanoparticle in a sample, and directly identify and quantify its chemical and electronic structure. Perhaps the most important application of TEM is the atomic-resolution real-space imaging of nanoparticles. 90 A TEM operates in a similar manner to a slide projector. As the electron beam passes through the sample, only certain parts of it are transmitted, making an amplitude contract image. The image passes through a magnifying lens and is then projected onto a phosphor screen or a charge coupled device (CCD), which allows for quantitative data processing. Information may also be obtained from backscattered and secondary electrons, as well as emitted photons. A wide variety of materials can be characterized with a TEM, including metals, minerals, ceramics, semiconductors, and polymers. Because electrons must be transmitted through the material this requires that the sample be appropriately thin. A simplified TEM setup is shown in Fig. 5.35. The electron gun is a pin shaped cathode that is typically made from materials such as LaB6. Heating this cathode by applying a large current produces a stream of almost monochromatic electrons that travel down a long column after being accelerated by a large voltage. Increasing this voltage increases the kinetic energy of the electrons and hence decreases their wavelength. The smaller the electron beam wavelength the higher the resolution, although the quality of the lens-systems is the limiting factor. The condenser lenses focus the beam to a small and coherent cylinder while the condenser aperture removes electrons scattered at large angles. The beam strikes the specimen on the sample holder, and the majority is transmitted, focused by the objective lens, after which it passes through the intermediate and projector
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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64 Chapter 3: Transduction Platform
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100 Chapter 3: Transduction Platfor
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136 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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Page 216 and 217: 204 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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7.2 Surface Interactions 377 Fig. 7
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7.2 Surface Interactions 379 There
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Fig. 7.12 The schematic of physical
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Fig. 7.13 Formation of SAMs. 7.2 Su
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7.2 Surface Interactions 385 ple, t
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7.3 Surface Materials and Surface M
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7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enab
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7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices
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Fig. 7.36 The general structure of
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+ 7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology En
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7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotid
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Fig. 7.57 The structure of DNA stra
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.8 Biomagnetic Sensors 7.8 Biomagn
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7.9 Summary 471 metal oxides, carbo
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References 473 19 T. Kunitake, Ange
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63 J. X. Huang, S. Virji, B. H. Wei
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References 477 105 M. Plomer, G. G.
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References 479 145 R. F. Service, S
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7.8 References 481 185 J. Wang, D.
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Remote plasma enhanced CVD (RPECVD)
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Thin film equivalent circuit ... 32
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Optical waveguides ................
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Semiconductor-semiconductor junctio
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About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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