Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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242 Chapter 5: Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials (Brownian motion). At constant temperature, larger particles move more slowly than the smaller ones, and hence the distance between the particles is constantly varying. Therefore time-dependent fluctuations in the scattering intensity can be observed by counting the number of photons returning to the detector after scattering. 63,64 These time dependent fluctuations can then be related to particle speed by autocorrelation of the average of the product of the photon count with a delayed version as a function of the delay time. The autocorrelation function is analyzed by numerically fitting the data with calculations based on assumed particle size distributions. Analysis of the time dependent fluctuation gives the diffusion coefficient of the particles, D. If the viscosity η, of the solution is known, then the radius or a spherical particle, r, can be obtained from the Stokes-Einstein relation: 65 kT r = , (5.11) 6πηD where k is Boltzmann’s constant (1.3806505×10 −23 J/K) and T is the absolute temperature. Fig. 5.24 An illustration of a DLS experiment.
5.6 Light Scattering Techniques 243 Fig. 5.25 shows an example where DLS has been employed to determine the size of helical rosette nanotubes, 66 built from multiple stacks of the rosette shaped compound shown. The average size of the nanotubes (32.5 nm) derived from the dynamic DLS was used to reveal that the nanotubes are composed on average of a stack of approximately 140 rosette molecules. 66 However, this example highlights one of the key assumptions in DLS calculations, which is that the molecules must be spherical. Therefore, the actual length is most likely larger.
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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64 Chapter 3: Transduction Platform
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100 Chapter 3: Transduction Platfor
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136 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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Page 204 and 205: 192 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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Page 294 and 295: Chapter 6: Inorganic Nanotechnology
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6.2 Density and Number of States 29
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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7.2 Surface Interactions 377 Fig. 7
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7.2 Surface Interactions 379 There
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Fig. 7.12 The schematic of physical
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Fig. 7.13 Formation of SAMs. 7.2 Su
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7.2 Surface Interactions 385 ple, t
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7.3 Surface Materials and Surface M
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7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enab
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7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices
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Fig. 7.36 The general structure of
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+ 7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology En
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7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotid
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Fig. 7.57 The structure of DNA stra
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.6 Sensors Based on Molecules with
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7.8 Biomagnetic Sensors 7.8 Biomagn
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7.9 Summary 471 metal oxides, carbo
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References 473 19 T. Kunitake, Ange
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63 J. X. Huang, S. Virji, B. H. Wei
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References 477 105 M. Plomer, G. G.
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References 479 145 R. F. Service, S
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7.8 References 481 185 J. Wang, D.
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Remote plasma enhanced CVD (RPECVD)
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Thin film equivalent circuit ... 32
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Optical waveguides ................
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Semiconductor-semiconductor junctio
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About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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