Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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7.5 Nano-sensors based on Nucleotides and DNA 463 Fig. 7.73 The chemistry of the attachment of thiol-modified DNA oligomers to a self-assembled Au nanoparticles monolayer. (a) Surface modification with THMS, (b) The addition of Au nanoparticles which react with the the thiol molecules, (c) An alkanethiol-cDNA reacts with AuNPs monolayer, (d) tDNA added and hybridized with cDNA and pDNA, thiols react with the multilayered Au nanoparticles, (e) The thiolated-DNA oligomers subsequently react with the Au nanoparticle surface, to yield the self-assembled multilayer of Au nanoparticles. Reprinted with permission from the Elsevier publications. 166 7.5.8 DNA Sequencing with Nanopores Nanopores can be used for the detection of specific DNA and RNA strands. One of the first attempts to produce nanopores to detect single DNA strands was made with α-hemolysin, a transmembrananal protein which was inserted into a lipid bilayer. 167 After placing it within a synthetic lipid bilayer it forms a 1.5 nm diameter aqueous channel through the membrane. 168 The α-hemolysin pore remains open at neutral pH and high ionic strength. Furthermore, the α-hemolysin pore passes a steady ionic current in a detectable range, whereas most membrane channels exhibit unstable current levels due to their high sensitivity and spontaneous gating. This steady current flow over a relatively large range ensures a low level of background electrical noise and thus prevents the electrical signals of interest from being masked.
464 Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology Enabled Sensors Crystallography has revealed that the structure of the α-hemolysin pore is about 100 Å-long, it is mushroom-shaped and is a homo-oligomeric heptamer, of which the pore has a limiting aperture of 1.5 nm. The transmembranal domain of the channel comprises a 14-strand β-barrel, which is primarily hydrophilic inside and hydrophobic outside. Such nanopores can be used for decoding and detecting DNA strands. Akeson et al practically showed that single molecules of DNA or RNA can be detected as they are driven through an α hemolysin pore by an applied electric field. 169 During the passage of the DNA and RNA strands, nucleotides within the polynucleotide must pass through the channel pore in a sequential, single-file order because of the limiting diameter of the pore. In order to prove the concept Akeson et al developed an apparatus for their experiment (Fig. 7.74). This apparatus is made of an inert materials such as Teflon with conical apertures. Bilayers formed across the aperture of this device exhibited high resistance (>200 GΩ), low noise (
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors
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Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh RMIT Univers
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Acknowledgments We have been fortun
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viii Contents Chapter 3: Transducti
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x Contents 5.7.1 Scanning Electron
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xii Contents 7.5 Nano-sensors based
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2 Chapter 1: Introduction Nobel lau
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4 Chapter 1: Introduction Fig. 1.2
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6 Chapter 1: Introduction ensure th
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8 Chapter 1: Introduction ments, th
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10 Chapter 1: Introduction aim is t
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12 Chapter 1: Introduction Referenc
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14 Chapter 2: Sensor Characteristic
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64 Chapter 3: Transduction Platform
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100 Chapter 3: Transduction Platfor
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136 Chapter 4: Nano Fabrication and
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212 Chapter 5: Characterization Tec
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Chapter 6: Inorganic Nanotechnology
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6.2 Density and Number of States 28
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2 6.2 Density and Number of States
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6.3 Gas Sensing with Nanostructured
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6.3.7 Surface Modification 6.3 Gas
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This is the dispersion relation for
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6.4 Phonons in Low Dimensional Stru
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335 vibrational degrees of freedom
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337 ing ballistic transport of elec
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339 Fig. 6.36 Nanoresonators made o
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6.5 Nanotechnology Enabled Mechanic
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6.6 Nanotechnology Enabled Optical
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6.7 Magnetically Engineered Spintro
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ferromagnetic haematite (a form of
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References 365 21 E. Comini, G. Fag
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References 367 58 D. E. Williams an
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References 369 96 J. J. Shi, Y. F.
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Chapter 7: Organic Nanotechnology E
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7.2 Surface Interactions 373 can be
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7.2 Surface Interactions 375 Carbox
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7.2 Surface Interactions 377 Fig. 7
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7.2 Surface Interactions 379 There
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Fig. 7.12 The schematic of physical
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Fig. 7.13 Formation of SAMs. 7.2 Su
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7.2 Surface Interactions 385 ple, t
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7.3 Surface Materials and Surface M
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7.4 Proteins in Nanotechnology Enab
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7.4.4 Using Proteins as Nanodevices
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Page 502: About the Authors Dr. Kourosh Kalan
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Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors

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