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Commentary on Theories of Mathematics Education

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Feminist Pedagogy and <strong>Mathematics</strong> 445<br />

C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong><br />

Even with the advances in enrollments and participati<strong>on</strong> rates in mathematics and<br />

mathematics-related careers, gender issues in mathematics have not disappeared.<br />

Much <strong>of</strong> the previous research and interventi<strong>on</strong> programs designed to promote females<br />

participati<strong>on</strong> in these fields have been based <strong>on</strong> the assumpti<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> male as<br />

the norm, the model <strong>of</strong> the successful mathematics student or mathematician who<br />

is to be emulated if the n<strong>on</strong>-successful are to succeed. Little research and work has<br />

begun from the assumpti<strong>on</strong> that females have strengths, experiences, and learning<br />

styles that they can use to succeed in mathematics. This article presented a theoretical<br />

basis and a model for beginning with the assumpti<strong>on</strong> that being a woman is<br />

the norm for females and that it is the instructor’s resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to capitalize <strong>on</strong> females’<br />

strengths and interests in order to facilitate their success in mathematics. The<br />

next stage is to design specific programs based <strong>on</strong> this paradigm and test whether<br />

such an approach will succeed in enhancing the mathematics learning and participati<strong>on</strong><br />

<strong>of</strong> women. Using feminist pedagogy should benefit not <strong>on</strong>ly female students<br />

but also other students and society at large and in no way denies the power or beauty<br />

<strong>of</strong> mathematics.<br />

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& C. Portuges (Eds.), Gendered Subjects (pp. 209–221). Bost<strong>on</strong>: Routledge & Kegan Paul.<br />

Damarin, S. K. (1990a). Teaching mathematics: A feminist perspective. In T. J. Co<strong>on</strong>cy & C. R.<br />

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Council <strong>of</strong> Teachers <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mathematics</strong>. Rest<strong>on</strong>, VA: NCTM.<br />

Damarin, S. K. (1990b). Issues <strong>of</strong> gender and computer assisted instructi<strong>on</strong>. Paper presented at<br />

the symposium: Technological equity: Issues in ethics and theory, Columbus, OH: Educati<strong>on</strong><br />

Resources Informati<strong>on</strong> Center, 1990 (ED295625).<br />

Fennema, E. (1977). Sex-Related Differences in <strong>Mathematics</strong> Achievement: Myths, Realities and<br />

Related Factors. Washingt<strong>on</strong> DC: Nati<strong>on</strong>al Institutes <strong>of</strong> Educati<strong>on</strong>, Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Educati<strong>on</strong>,<br />

and Welfare.<br />

Fennema, E., & Leder, G. C. (1990). <strong>Mathematics</strong> and Gender. New York: Teachers College Press.<br />

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br />

Gilligan, C., Ly<strong>on</strong>s, N. P., & Hanmer, T. J. (Eds.) (1990). Making C<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s. Cambridge: Harvard<br />

University Press.<br />

Giroux, J. B. (1989). Feminist theory as pedagogical practice. C<strong>on</strong>temporary Educati<strong>on</strong>, 61(1),<br />

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