cenotaphs (fake graves) 23–4 Chandar, Krishan 29 Chauhan, Prithviraj III 62–4, 66–7 Chhot’i Dargah 168–9 Chinghiz Khan 149 Chiragh-i Dihli, Nasiruddin 11, 37, 62, 70, 90, 103, 118, 124, 129, 138, 141, 182, 184, 186 Chisht 61 Chishtiyya 48, 51, 60–1, 63–9, 78–80, 86, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 102, 103, 118, 132–43, 150 Chittagong 22, 24, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169 Chit<strong>to</strong>r 70 Christie, Agatha 202 Collins, Wilkie 202 Conan Doyle, Arthur 202 Crooke, W. 161 Damascus 41, 45 dance, ritual 187–9, 200 Dara Shikoh 4, 10, 37, 40, 53, 54, 75, 105, 170, 201 Dard, Khwaja Mir 26, 28 Data Darbar (<strong>to</strong>mb <strong>of</strong> al-Hujwiri) 54–8, 64, 194 Data Ganjbakhsh see al-Hujwiri, ‘Ali bin ‘Uthman al-Jullabi Delhi 11, 30, 32, 54, 64, 66, 68, 79, 81, 86, 87, 90, 91, 94, 97, 105–31, 134, 138, 157, 163, 169, 192 Deogir 118 Devatalla (Tabrizabad) 140 Dhakka 6 Digby, Simon 69, 70, 182 Faizabad 158, 160, 161 Fakhar Zaman 82, 194, 195, 198 Fakhruddin Ibrahim ‘Iraqi 147, 148, 184 Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah 165 Fakhruddin Zarradi 128 Farghana 41, 44 Farrukh Siyar, the Mughal Emperor 76 Fars 41 fasting 88–9, 91 Fatehpur Sikri 70, 81 INDEX 239 Finch, William 76 Firoz Shah Tughluq, Sultan <strong>of</strong> Delhi 5, 20, 70, 130, 141–2, 156, 186, 187, 191, 194 Firozkuh 61 Five Pirs, cult <strong>of</strong> 23 food 88–9, 102–3, 122–3 Gandhi, Mahatma 30, 97 Ganges, River 166 Garcin de Tassy, J.H. 31 Gaur Govind 162 Gawhar, a dancing girl 146 Gesudaraz, Sayyid Muhammad Husaini 19, 69–70, 82, 91, 182, 186 al-Geyoushi, M. 13 Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah 74 Ghazi Miyan (Salar Mas‘ud) 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 155, 156–61, 165, 166, 174, 177, 200 Ghazna 40, 52, 61, 92 al-Ghazzali, Abu Hamid 128, 133 Ghiyathpur 106, 111, 113, 121, 124, 126, 150 Ghiyathuddin A‘zam Shah <strong>of</strong> Bengal 192 Ghiyathuddin Tughluq, Sultan <strong>of</strong> Delhi 5, 109, 110, 125, 150, 152 Ghulam Farid, Khwaja 82, 83 Ghulam Yaqoob Anwar 194 Gidumal, Diwan 2 Gol Muhammadi, Firuzeh 57 Goldziher, Ignaz 6, 7, 25–6 Golra Sharif 36 Gopalan 161 Gorakhattri 184 Gujarat 12, 118 Guru Nanak 99, 155 Habba Khatun 82 Habib, Muhammad 120 Hafiz Shirazi, Maulana Shams al-din 73 Haft ‘Afifa 23 Haji Pir 15 Hajji, Nur Muhammad Faqir 53 Hala (Sind) 14
Hali, Altaf Husain 28 al-Hallaj, Husain bin Mansur 45, 49, 186–87 Hamid Qalandar 86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 99, 105, 122, 138, 141, 146, 186, 201 Hamiduddin Nagori, Qadi 15, 134, 138, 139, 147, 148 Hamiduddin Suwali Nagori 65, 69, 78, 95, 128, 134, 140 Hanbalis 25 Hansi 90 Hardwar 18 Harwan 61 Hasan Abdal 201 Hasan Afghan 148 Hasan al-Basri 61 Hasan Teli 13 Hazrat Bal 5 Herat 61, 62, 193 Hesse, Hermann 35, 52 hierarchy <strong>of</strong> saints 9–10 al-Hujwiri, ‘Ali bin ‘Uthman al-Jullabi (Data Ganjbakhsh) 8, 9, 37, 39–58, 59, 62, 68, 71, 81, 92, 173, 178, 173, 179–80, 186 Huizinga, J. 7, 8, 16 Husain, Yusuf 68 Husain bin ‘Ali, Imam 18 Husain Zanjani 64 Hydariyya 15 Hyderis, rituals <strong>of</strong> 189–91 Ibn al-‘Arabi, Muhyiuddin 9, 10, 135 Ibn al-Mu‘alla 44, 45 Ibn Battuta, Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah 102, 151, 156, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 181, 189, 190–1 Ibrahim bin Adham 61 Ibrahim Farid Thani, Shaikh 99 Ibrahim Ghaznavi, Sultan 53 Ibrahim II ‘Adil Shah, Sultan <strong>of</strong> Bijapur 5 Ibrahim Qunduzi 61 Ibrahim Sharqi, Sultan <strong>of</strong> Jaunpur 5, 171, 172 icons 8 INDEX 240 Iltutmish, Shamsuddin, Sultan <strong>of</strong> Delhi 10, 66, 91, 113, 138, 142, 146, 185 ‘Imaduddin Muhammad 139 ‘Imaduddin, brother <strong>of</strong> Rukn-i ‘Alam 151 ‘Imadulmulk, grandfather <strong>of</strong> Amir Khusrow 123, 124 ‘Inayat Shah <strong>of</strong> Jhok 4, 203 Iqbal (Lalla), servant <strong>of</strong> Nizamuddin Awliya 111, 122 Iqbal, Sir Muhammad 27, 28, 36, 54–6, 62, 63, 64 ‘Isami, his<strong>to</strong>rian 69 Iskandar (Alexander <strong>of</strong> Macedonia) 167 Isma‘il Shahid 169 Isma‘ilis 4 Jabal al-Buttam 52 Ja‘far as-Sadiq, sixth Imam 47 Jahanara, daughter <strong>of</strong> Shah Jahan 76 Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor 70, 75, 76 Jaipal, prime minister <strong>of</strong> Prithviraj Chauhan 67 Jalaladdin Rumi 18, 128, 185, 195 Jalaliyya 15, 154, 186 Jalaluddin Khalji, Sultan <strong>of</strong> Delhi 110, 162, 182, 191 Jalaluddin Surkhposh Bukhari 23, 81, 139, 147, 149, 152, 154, 165, 170, 186 Jalaluddin Tabrizi 62, 81, 86, 118, 138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 147, 161, 164, 166, 184 Jam Durrek 82 Jama‘ Masjid 32 Jama‘at-khana Masjid mosque 130–1 Jamali Kanbuh 65, 85, 94, 99, 126, 193, 201 Jamaluddin Hansawi 90, 94, 117, 149, 191 James I, King <strong>of</strong> England 75 Jami, ‘Abdurrahman 40, 193 Jamna 191 Jaunpur 171, 185 al-Jazuli 169
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MUSLIM SAINTS OF SOUTH ASIA This bo
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MUSLIM SAINTS OF SOUTH ASIA The ele
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IN CHERISHED MEMORY OF MY FATHER, A
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FOREWORD Christopher Shackle In man
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FOREWORD keen literary sensibility
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1 THE INDIAN TOMB Everyone who has
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THE INDIAN TOMB deviation of an ind
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THE INDIAN TOMB an active syncretis
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THE INDIAN TOMB saints’ cult in I
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THE INDIAN TOMB Probably the most o
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THE INDIAN TOMB another saint of De
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THE INDIAN TOMB indication of the c
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THE INDIAN TOMB 1276. 9 Hagiographi
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THE INDIAN TOMB form with a dome in
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THE INDIAN TOMB Some of the saints
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THE INDIAN TOMB A powerful religion
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THE INDIAN TOMB They were known by
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THE INDIAN TOMB cenotaph of Sayyid
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THE INDIAN TOMB Mazhar Janjanan, he
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THE INDIAN TOMB The cult of saints
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THE INDIAN TOMB As a scholarly prob
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THE INDIAN TOMB realized. The form
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2 THE HERMIT OF LAHORE Everywhere a
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE These examples
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE difference bet
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE almost every c
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE in the practic
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE condemned them
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE response to th
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE have composed
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE that I have su
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE in particular
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE The saint of H
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THE HERMIT OF LAHORE and order, the
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3 THE OLD MAN OF AJMER A pious erud
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER silsila, Iraqi
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER was at the hea
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER this hall of p
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER Prithviraj’s
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER he unreservedl
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER During Akbar
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER on the saint
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER and estate man
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER former, but ri
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THE OLD MAN OF AJMER 7 One should c
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4 THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN There is
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN In the ear
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN Maqșūd-i
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN the newcom
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN pebbles, w
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN respectful
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN in good ti
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN told him:
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN This, for
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN in 1604) a
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN landscape,
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THE ASCETIC OF PAKPATTAN days of
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5 THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI It is dif
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI There are t
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI dervishes,
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI At the same
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI In contrast
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI (k’hićar
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI Hasan 1992:
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI not prevent
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI in Sufi kh
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI Sultan’s
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI ‘God’s
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI I have hear
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI melodies, a
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THE PEACEMAKER OF DELHI generous do
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN o
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN A
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN i
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN i
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN I
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN I
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN w
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN N
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN U
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN w
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THE SPIRITUAL SOVEREIGN OF MULTAN A
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7 THE WARRIOR SAINTS When Hindus an
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS endeavours to in
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS untouched; they
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS (mostly fabricat
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS so long. He set
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS Having finally s
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS It is known that
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS asthāna, is the
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS swallow living s
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS knowing how to g
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS In the same plac
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THE WARRIOR SAINTS his death on the
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THE MENDICANT SAINTS And, finally,
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THE MENDICANT SAINTS Qalandars used
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THE MENDICANT SAINTS spiritual prec
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THE MENDICANT SAINTS the English it
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THE MENDICANT SAINTS During his lif
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