CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction - DSpace@UM - University of Malaya

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In this chapter, the researcher attempts to study code-switching from the following perspectives: code-switching from linguistic perspectives, socio-linguistic, situational and metaphorical, functional, reasons and studies of code-switching in Asia. The researcher has cited articles and thesis written by the following researchers: Scotton (1988), Ozog (1996 b), Poplack (1978, 1980), Nartey (1982), McClure and McClure (1988), Kamwangamalu (1989), Noor Azlina Abdullah (1975), Gumperz (1986), Lim Soh Lan (2003), Robert R. Heredia and Jeffry M. Brown (1997), Vogt (1954), Scotton and Ceri (1975), Malarvizhi (2006), Bloom and Gumperz (1972), Heller (1988), Ong Kin Suan (1990), Rayfield (1970), Pascasiq (1978), Karen Kow Yip Cheng (2003), Richard Skiba (1997), Zuraidah Mohd. Don (2003), Jariah Mohd. Jan (2003), Maya Khelmani David (2003), Farid (1987), Gumperz (1958), Tan Peck Tung (1988), Mary Tay (1993), Chin Jit Ngo (1993), Anne Pakir Pakir (1989), Murni (1996) and Maya Khelmani David (1995). 2.1 Linguistic Studies On Code- Switching According to Wikepedia’s definition, code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in conversation. Code-switching can occur between sentences, intersentential or within a single sentence intrasentential.Code switching is now considered to be a normal interaction between the bilingual speakers. Examples of intersentential: (i) “Kulitnya sensitif”.(Skin is sensitive) (ii) “Kamu sentuh asid”. (You touch the acid) 22
(iii) What must you do? Examples of intrasentential: (i) “What is kulit?” (ii) “What is the meaning of sentuh?” (iii) “What is gerhana matahari” (Own examples) (Own examples) Some researchers like Scotton (1988) feel there is no need to use two sub-categories intersentential and intrasentential to denote code-switching because code-switching covers both. On the other hand, some researchers have suggested that code-switching is generally considered inter-sentential while code-mixing is intra-sentential. They are of the opinion that this distinction is necessary because the two processes involve different linguistic and psycholinguistic features (Sridhar and Sridhar, 1980). Ozog (1996 b) made a study of language use in Peninsular Malaysia and Negara Brunei. He says that there are two factors that affect code-switching: the extralinguistic and the linguistic. The extralinguistic deals with factors affecting language choice, among them are participants, setting,language competency and language policy. Poplack proposes grammatical model suggesting that code-switching is governed by two linguistic constraints. The first is the free morpheme, which predicts that code- switching may not take place between a bound morpheme and a lexical form unless the lexical form has already been phonologically integrated into the language of the morpheme. So for Spanish-English bilingual speech “eatiendo” for “eating” would 23
Page 1 and 2: 1.0 Introduction CHAPTER 1 Malaysia
Page 3 and 4: Jacobson and Safiah (1987) stated t
Page 5 and 6: schools were taken over by the Brit
Page 7 and 8: In the 19 th century, a large numbe
Page 9 and 10: (i) to promote a national school sy
Page 11 and 12: joining Form 1 classes. The curricu
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 The Significance of the study C
Page 15 and 16: The study was conducted in a privat
Page 17 and 18: The researcher feels it is a bit di
Page 19 and 20: 1.7.3 Phrase Level A group of words
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Page 25 and 26: 2.2 Sociolinguistic Studies on Code
Page 27 and 28: It is evident that the sub-consicio
Page 29 and 30: call it conversational code-switchi
Page 31 and 32: esearcher feels that the children a
Page 33 and 34: The analysis of the data shows that
Page 35 and 36: Mary Tay’s (1993) research is bas
Page 37 and 38: 2.9 Conclusion Many local and forei
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Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Procedure of Research Before th
Page 43 and 44: The researcher opted to collect the
Page 45 and 46: 3.6.1 Audio Recording The data that
Page 47 and 48: Each switch was counted as an insta
Page 49 and 50: 3.7.2 Qualitative Approach The qual
Page 51 and 52: 4.1 Subjects The subjects of the st
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Page 57 and 58: Table 4.5: Survey of Language Use W
Page 59 and 60: for teaching and learning (v) to sa
Page 61 and 62: Table 4.9: Audio Recordings Subject
Page 63 and 64: formation of lightning/ kilat/ form
Page 65 and 66: The examples taken from T1-U54-R ar
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The examples above show that the hu
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4.6.2 Background of Students Furthe
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T1U58R SENTENCE lapan kali/ kalau b
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CLAUSE T19U3L non luminous is very
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4.7.1 Bilingual Educator R1 Switch
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4.7.3 Bilingual Educator L1 Switch
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4.8 Frequency of Language use in Co
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In the study, the researcher identi
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language and the English language t
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Text books and revision books are w
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Certificate of Education (LCE) is a
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pupils. These activities should inc
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5.3 For Further Investigations The
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Bibliography Asmah Haji Omar. 1982.
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Kamwangamalu, Nkonko Mudipanau. (19
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Poplack, Shana. (1980). “Sometime
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