CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction - DSpace@UM - University of Malaya

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Jariah Mohd. Jan (2003:41-56) conducted a study how code-switching wielded power to the superior (Headmaster). She noted that English language was used as a power instrument to show authority to the subordinates. Maya Khelmani David (2003:5-20) conducted a study on role and functions of code- switching in Malaysian courtrooms. Her objective was to investigate the reasons for code-switching used by legal officers and witnesses. She identified twelve reasons as to why code-switching took place in a courtroom situation. (i) Habitual use of code-switching (ii) Language choice with different interlocuters (iii) Code-switch for technical terms (iv) Code-switch for culturally alien terms (v) Code-switch due to limited proficiency (vi) Code-switch for emphasis (vii) Code-switch to coerce witness (viii) Code-switch for sarcasm (ix) Code-switch to quote (x) Non-reciprocal language choice (xi) Code-switch to drive home a point (xii) Code-switch as a strategy to attain professional goals 32
The analysis of the data shows that there are many reasons for such mixed discourse in a Malaysian courtroom setting. The switches are for situational factors, like who is speaking to whom, metaphorical and pragmatic reasons. Other reasons include to issue a directive, to quote someone, to emphasise a point made, to achieve the legal communicative tasks at hand and to coerce the witness into providing the answers required. 2.8 Studies of Code-switching In the Asian Context Farid (1987) carried out a study in a rural environment in a small village in Kedah, which is close to Thailand. People in this village speak a variety of Thai dialects apart from their mother tongue Malay. The study shows that many factors affect code- switching in the border states (Thailand and Kedah): social factors, age, sex, education, position in the family and situation. The findings indicate that male population in the 20-39 age group code-switch more often because they are more mobile and often travel to towns in southern Thailand to trade. It is not suprising that code-switching takes place even in rural setting. Gumperz (1958), made a similiar study in Northern India on Hindi language and its range of dialects. He noticed there are three levels – village dialects, regional dialects and standard Hindi. Gumperz says most men who travel a lot speak both the village and the regional dialects. The village dialect is used at home and other local people; they use regional dialect to communicate with the outside community. 33
Page 1 and 2: 1.0 Introduction CHAPTER 1 Malaysia
Page 3 and 4: Jacobson and Safiah (1987) stated t
Page 5 and 6: schools were taken over by the Brit
Page 7 and 8: In the 19 th century, a large numbe
Page 9 and 10: (i) to promote a national school sy
Page 11 and 12: joining Form 1 classes. The curricu
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 The Significance of the study C
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Page 17 and 18: The researcher feels it is a bit di
Page 19 and 20: 1.7.3 Phrase Level A group of words
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Page 25 and 26: 2.2 Sociolinguistic Studies on Code
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Page 61 and 62: Table 4.9: Audio Recordings Subject
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4.7.3 Bilingual Educator L1 Switch
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4.8 Frequency of Language use in Co
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In the study, the researcher identi
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language and the English language t
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Text books and revision books are w
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Certificate of Education (LCE) is a
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pupils. These activities should inc
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5.3 For Further Investigations The
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Bibliography Asmah Haji Omar. 1982.
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Kamwangamalu, Nkonko Mudipanau. (19
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Poplack, Shana. (1980). “Sometime
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