CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction - DSpace@UM - University of Malaya

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Malaysians are multilinguals if not bilinguals. This is because Malaysia has been a nation of immigrants from time immemorial. So, it is not suprising that code- switching is a common phenomenon in Malaysia. The former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad announced that science and mathematics would be taught in English not only at tertiary levels but also at the first year of schooling. The science and mathematics subjects were taught in English in the year 2003 at primary level. The new programme covered all schools throughout Malaysia. The Malay language is used as a medium of instruction in national schools, whereas in the national-type schools a vernacular language is used as a medium of instruction. The Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato’ Sri Najib Tun Razak has stressed on the importance of mastering English in the globalised world. “If not, we will be jaguh kampong, and not a hero in the international arena, he said in his speech at the closing of the Johor Umno Convention”. (Star 7 th November 2006) The Deputy Prime Minister also stated that, “Now we, provide some flexibility by using Bahasa Melayu and English in teaching Science and maths, so lessons are not entirely in English.” (Star 7 th November 2006) The researcher feels that code-switching is a universal phenomenon and we cannot go against the world trend. Poor English skills are better than no English skills, after all the students are learning a foreign language and not nuclear science or brain surgery. 2
Jacobson and Safiah (1987) stated that this gradual transition to Bahasa Melayu as the medium of instruction in schools has brought about a situation where Malay students are no longer as proficient in English as the earlier generation who received their education in English. To understand code-switching in a multilingual and complex society, it is pertinent that we understand the historical background of the educational system in Malaysia. 1.1 Background Information of Research The researcher conducted the research among two bilingual educators teaching the science subject in a tution centre in Bandar Country Homes Rawang. Since it is a micro study, it is necessary to understand the background of the education system in Malaysia. 1.1.1 History of Education in Malaysia. History has played an important role in shaping our educational system. It is more convenient to say that three different periods have influenced our educational system: i. Pre-British before (1824) ii. During the British rule iii. After Independence iv. Present educational system The Pre- British period starts before 1824. The Malaysian educational system has a humble beginning; education was generally informal and the main objective was to teach Quran reading, because the society emphasised good behaviour. Martial arts 3
Page 1: 1.0 Introduction CHAPTER 1 Malaysia
Page 5 and 6: schools were taken over by the Brit
Page 7 and 8: In the 19 th century, a large numbe
Page 9 and 10: (i) to promote a national school sy
Page 11 and 12: joining Form 1 classes. The curricu
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 The Significance of the study C
Page 15 and 16: The study was conducted in a privat
Page 17 and 18: The researcher feels it is a bit di
Page 19 and 20: 1.7.3 Phrase Level A group of words
Page 21 and 22: 2.0 Introduction CHAPTER 2 Literatu
Page 23 and 24: (iii) What must you do? Examples of
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 Sociolinguistic Studies on Code
Page 27 and 28: It is evident that the sub-consicio
Page 29 and 30: call it conversational code-switchi
Page 31 and 32: esearcher feels that the children a
Page 33 and 34: The analysis of the data shows that
Page 35 and 36: Mary Tay’s (1993) research is bas
Page 37 and 38: 2.9 Conclusion Many local and forei
Page 39 and 40: 3.0 Introduction CHAPTER 3 METHODOL
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Procedure of Research Before th
Page 43 and 44: The researcher opted to collect the
Page 45 and 46: 3.6.1 Audio Recording The data that
Page 47 and 48: Each switch was counted as an insta
Page 49 and 50: 3.7.2 Qualitative Approach The qual
Page 51 and 52: 4.1 Subjects The subjects of the st
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4.1.2 Background of Subjects The su
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4.1.3 Language Acquisition of Subje
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Table 4.5: Survey of Language Use W
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for teaching and learning (v) to sa
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Table 4.9: Audio Recordings Subject
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formation of lightning/ kilat/ form
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The examples taken from T1-U54-R ar
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4.4.4 To establish relationship, hu
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L : metal in a liquid form/ mercury
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4.5.3 To encourage students to part
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The examples above show that the hu
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4.6.2 Background of Students Furthe
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T1U58R SENTENCE lapan kali/ kalau b
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CLAUSE T19U3L non luminous is very
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4.7.1 Bilingual Educator R1 Switch
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4.7.3 Bilingual Educator L1 Switch
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4.8 Frequency of Language use in Co
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In the study, the researcher identi
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language and the English language t
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Text books and revision books are w
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Certificate of Education (LCE) is a
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pupils. These activities should inc
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5.3 For Further Investigations The
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Bibliography Asmah Haji Omar. 1982.
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Kamwangamalu, Nkonko Mudipanau. (19
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Poplack, Shana. (1980). “Sometime
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