3 The New York Years (1931–1953)

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156 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer Examples of two superspecies of birds of paradise, Mayr’s favorite birds 4 ,are illustratedinFigs.4.5and4.6.Charactergradientsacrosshybridzonesoccurin the Greater Birds of Paradise, geographical isolation and conspicuous differentiation is demonstrated in the Paradise Magpies. In a study of the Ribbon-tailed Bird of Paradise (Astrapia mayeri) Mayr and Gilliard (1952a) discussed the Astrapia superspecies. A. mayeri differs conspicuously from its representatives to the west (A. splendidissima) and to the east (A. stephaniae) but some gene flow exists between stephaniae and mayeri in the area where they have come into contact during recent geological time. These latter taxa are very close biologically. Partial overlap of closely related species occurs in the paradise kingfishers of the genus Tanysiptera (Fig. 4.7). During the Pleistocene T. hydrocharis wasisolatedonan island stretching from the Aru Islands to the mouth of the Fly River and thus separated from the mainland form galatea by a branch of the ocean. When this Fig.4.7. Species and subspecies of the Paradise Kingfishers, Tanysiptera hydrocharis-galatea group.Thesubspecies1,2,and3ofgalatea on the mainland of New Guinea are exceedingly similar to each other. The subspecies vulcani (4) and rosseliana (5, on Rossel Island east of New Guinea, not shown) are much more distinct. The populations on Biak (6), Numfor (7), and Koffiao (8) have reached species level. The form on Aru Island, hydrocharis (H1), has also reached species rank and now coexists in southern New Guinea (H2) with a subspecies of galatea (3); slightly modified from Mayr (1942e, Fig. 15) 4 In the foreword to Gilliard’s book on the birds of paradise and bower birds, Mayr wrote: “Every ornithologist and birdwatcher has his favorite group of birds, whether they be nightingales or storks, hummingbirds or penguins. Frankly, my own are the birds of paradise and bower birds, […] for in their ornamentation and courtship behavior birds of paradise are not surpassed in the whole class of Aves” (1969f).
Birds of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Southeastern Asia 157 strait fell dry the island joined with the mainland of New Guinea, and galatea invaded the range of hydrocharis, where the two species now live side by side without interbreeding and without obvious ecological competition. T. galatea displays no significant geographical variation in the vast area of New Guinea despite strong ecological contrasts. Yet each of the adjacent islands inhabited by this kingfisher has a markedly differentiated race or species even though they are in the same climatic zone as the neighboring mainland. Due to this observation and numerous similar examples in the literature Mayr (1954c) later proposed the theory of a relatively rapid genetic reorganization in small speciating populations (p. 219). Several sidelines to Mayr’s taxonomic research on the birds of Oceania developed into additional publications on the avifaunas of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Burma (Myanmar). Birds of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Southeastern Asia Australia A visit by Dominic L. Serventy (1904–1988) from Australia to New York in early 1938 led to a fruitful collaboration. So far Mayr had used the material of the Mathews Collection of Australian birds at the AMNH for the preparation of many papers on the birds collected during the Whitney Expedition. But the taxonomy of Australian birds owing to the publications of Gregory Mathews (1927, 1930) was chaotic. Serventy knew these birds in the field and Mayr, as curator of the RothschildCollection,hadaccesstoallofMathews’types.Thefirstresultofthis new collaboration was their joint review (1938i) of the thornbills (Acanthiza), relatives of Sericornis and Gerygone. Each author contributed about equally to this revision. Eleven Acanthiza species are known from Australia and Tasmania and one (A. murina) from the mountains of New Guinea. In another article on “The number of Australian bird species” based on the concept of superspecies Mayr and Serventy (1944h) show that Australia, although ten times larger in area than New Guinea, harbors only a similar number of species. These joint papers aroused Mayr’s interest in Australian birds. After G. M. Mathews’s reckless naming of subspecies in The Birds of Australia (1910–1927) “substantial progress in the modern treatment of genera, species and subspecies has been made by Dr. Ernst Mayr” (Serventy 1950: 267). His publications in The Emu (totaling 112 pages; Marchant 1972: 66) made him well known among Australian ornithologists and field naturalists some of whom he met when he visited Australia in the northern winter 1959–1960. He used this opportunity to observe in the field several “aberrant” Australian songbirds whose systematic position was unsettled and commented on their behavior (Mayr 1963c). The recent “Directory of Australian Birds. Passerines”byR.SchoddeandI.Mason (1999) is dedicated to the four founders of modern Australian variation studies: Ernst Mayr who initiated this new era, Allen Keast, Julian Ford, and Shane Parker.
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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206 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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