3 The New York Years (1931–1953)

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212 5 Biological Species and Speciation—Mayr’s First Synthesis for the polytypic species a new “multidimensional species concept” (see also Mayr 1957f: 16, 1963b: 19). When he had clarified for himself the distinction between the theoretical species concept and the species taxon during the early 1960s, “it became evident that the polytypic species is merely a special kind of species taxon but does not require any change in the concept of the biological species category” (Mayr 1982d: 290). Therefore in his writings of the late 1960s and following decades he no longer mentioned a “multidimensional species concept” but stated: “The species concept is meaningful only in the nondimensional situation: multidimensional considerations are important in the delimitation of species taxa but not in the development of the conceptual yardstick” (1982d: 272; see also Hey (2006: 448) for a summary of Mayr’s changing categorization of species concepts). Beurton (2002) presented a detailed historical review of Mayr’s struggle with the biological species concept during more than 50 years. It would have been easier for the reader to follow Beurton’s arguments if he had clarified from the start the early terminological confusion regarding (a) the biological species concept per se and (b) the polytypic species taxon and if he had applied Mayr’s later clarification to his early writings (rather than presenting the early confusion again in detail without applying Mayr’s later clarification). Mayr (1940c) discussed species taxa and that is what his definition referred to (see above). In his Jesup lectures he talked about the general “species problem” referring both to the absolute gaps between sympatric species and to the relative gaps between allopatric taxa, as is obvious from Mayr (1941i), an article Beurton (l.c.) did not consult. Mayr (2002a: 100) himself commented: “It is a basic weakness of Beurton’s account that the confusion between species concept and species taxon is not clarified. […] Those authors who fail to make the distinction, provide a confused and misleading analysis.” Mayr (1942e) then presented the distinction between the biological species concept (absolute gaps) and the polytypic species taxon (relative gaps), as in 1941. The theoretical concept and definition of biological species (Mayr 1942e and later) found entrance into all textbooks of biology. Bock (1986, 1992a, 1994, 1995b, 2004b) emphasized that genetic isolation was meant when Dobzhansky (1937) and Mayr (1942e) spoke of the “common gene pool” and the “harmonious genotype of a species.” Mayr (1968i: 164) stated: “Possession of a shared genetic program is the common tie uniting individuals derived from the gene pool of a given species.” Therefore Bock (l.c.) emended the definition of biological species to read: “A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations of organisms which are genetically isolated in nature from other such groups.” Bock’s emendation appears useful also in view of the discovery in recent years that several geographically representative taxa, especially of insects, hybridize freely along the contact zone for lack of premating isolating mechanisms, but such hybrids are infertile due to fully developed postmating isolating mechanisms. In addition, Bock (l.c.) made a distinction between the sets of isolating mechanisms for genetic isolation and reproductive isolation which Mayr failed to do. Some bird species which meet along “zones of overlap and hybridization” (Short 1969) may also represent taxa which are genetically isolated but not fully isolated reproductively. These biospecies would be considered conspecific taxa under Paterson’s
A Modern Unified Theory of Evolution 213 (1985) “recognition concept” of species. Evolutionists need to distinguish between genetic isolation, reproductive isolation, and ecological isolation of species (Bock 1979, 1986, 2004d). Genetic isolation must be complete before the neospecies establish secondary contact in order not to hybridize, but reproductive and ecological isolation may be perfected in sympatry through natural selection and mutual selective demands. The “horizontal” biological species concept refers to genetically separated groups of populations which live during a particular time plane like the Present or any time plane of the geological past (Fig. 5.3). Under this concept, species have, strictly speaking, no origin, age or duration. They represent horizontal “cross sections” of vertical phyletic species lineages in the time dimension (Bock 1979, 1986, 1992a; Szalay and Bock 1991). A phyletic lineage is the continuum of a species intimeanddocumentsitshistory;itdoesnotparticipateinthedevelopmentof species (populations do). The “phyletic lineage” and the “species” should be kept separate conceptually. Mayr’s (1931b, 1942e) consistent application of the superspecies concept in his systematic work was of general significance because it permitted the combination of several closely related geographical representatives under one superspecific name without reducing these allo- or paraspecies to subspecies status. Such ‘superlumping’ had been advocated by several workers (e.g., Kleinschmidt and Fig.5.3. Several imaginary phyletic lineages illustrate “species” limits under the cladistic concept (clad.) and the paleontological concept (pal.). Schematic representation. Groups of populations representing the various lineages at particular time levels (t1–t4) aredifferent biological species (oval circles). Vertical scale–geological time; horizontal scale– morphological and other biological changes. A–L represent paleontological “species,” except C–F, which together are one paleontological “species” but represent 2 cladistic “species.” The current time level is t4
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer B
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264 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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