3 The New York Years (1931–1953)

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192 5 Biological Species and Speciation—Mayr’s First Synthesis Funds for the Jesup Lectures were obtained during the summer of 1940 and Professor Anderson was contacted in September. Toward the end of the year the latter had agreed to participate in the program and between December 1940 and February 1941, Anderson and Mayr exchanged a series of 13 long and detailed letters. It is obvious from these letters that they both agreed on many basic aspects such as the importance of the population (or museum series) rather than the individual, the problems of delimiting species and genera, hybridization and introgression as well as many other topics in the “new systematics.” Since he had not done any genetic work himself, Mayr encouraged Anderson to “take over that part of the program. You may be as heterodox as you want to be, since I am not so sure that all evolution proceeds exactly as the Drosophila School thinks. […] It seems odd that we have never met before and are now joint contributors to a lecture series. I am looking forward with pleasure to undertake this work in collaboration with you” (December 19, 1940). Anderson wrote: “When I read over your last letter and when I went through much of this first chapter I had a curious sensation which I have never had before. It was as though I were reading something which I had written and forgotten about, or as though there were another me, working elsewhere and independently on the same problems. […] As usual I quite agree with you as to facts and have profited by the clarity of your analysis” (January 25, 1941). Mayr considered the audience to be expected: “I was at Dobby’s [Dobzhansky’s] lecture 4 years ago and the audience consisted of graduate students and professors, mostly from Columbia but a few from other institutions of learning in the neighborhood. This time I am sure there will be a few of the younger members of the museum staff and, if you invite them, a few of the men from the Botanical Museum. The total audience is not likely to exceed 50 and may drop down to 30 or 25. I am always surprised how few listeners there are to a lecture that has a certain technical quality. I may be all wrong about these estimates but this is as close as I can guess it. At any rate the audience would be fairly high class and you would not have to try to be ‘popular.’ I am going to try to illustrate some of the more interesting cases by actually demonstrating specimens which can be done very well in the case of birds. I also have some lantern slides to illustrate some of my discussions” (January 28, 1941). Arrangements for the lectures were completed in early 1941 and an announcement appeared in the New York Times on Wednesday, February 19: “Columbia names two as Jesup Lecturers. Drs. Ernst Mayr and Edgar Anderson here next month. Dr. Ernst Mayr, associate curator of the Whitney-Rothschild collection of the American Museumof Natural History, and Dr. Edgar Anderson, Professor of Botany at Washington University, St. Louis, and geneticist of the Missouri Botanical Garden, have been named Jesup Lecturers in the Department of Zoology at Columbia University, it was announced yesterday. EndowedbythelateMorrisK.Jesup,apresidentoftheAmericanMuseumof Natural History and of the New York Chamber of Commerce, who died in 1908, the lectures were established in 1905 by the university and the museum ‘to present in popular form the results of recent scientific discoveries.’ ‘Speciation and Evolution’
A Modern Unified Theory of Evolution 193 will be the subject of this year’s lectures, which will be given Tuesday and Thursday each week from March 4 to March 27 in Schermerhorn Hall […].” The invitation card distributed by the Department of Zoology (Columbia University) mentioned eight lectures on “Systematics and the Origin of Species” to be given on 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, and 27 March, four by E. Anderson and four by E. Mayr in Room 601 at Schermerhorn Hall, Columbia University, at five o’clock. The card summarized the contents of the lectures as follows: Professor Anderson will discuss: Taxonomy the art versus taxonomy the science. The effect of taxonomy the art on taxonomy the science. The nature of taxonomic work and its efficiency as a scientific technique. Species as a phylogenetic unit. Genetical and biochemical evidence for species. The morphological nature of species differences. Regional variations in speciation. Internal variations in speciation. Phylogenetic patterns. The facts of genetics with regard to species hybrids. The taxonomic consequences of hybridization. The genetics of species hybrids. Dr. Mayr will discuss: Principles and methods of systematics. The old and the new systematics. Systematics and genetics. Individual and geographical variation. Taxonomic characters and their variation. What is a species and how does it originate? The biology (ecology) of speciation. The higher categories and the rules of classification. Mayr proposed: “I have now arranged my lecture number 1 definitely in such a manner that it can only follow your lecture number 1. In other words, I am scheduled for March 6th and you for March 4th, I hope that this will be in line with your plans. As far as the six other lectures are concerned, I think we can arrange the sequence after you have arrived here in New York” (February 18, 1941). The lectures took place as scheduled. But more than a year thereafter, Anderson confessed (see also Kleinman 1993): Dear Mayr: June 12, 1942 I was glad to hear from you and to learn how the book was coming on. After I heard from you in December I worked for a time on my manuscript hoping to produce a complementary volume. However, as you may have heard I am now studying Corn very intensively and I am always more interested in what I am doing than in what I have done. The manuscript grows very slowly and the times being what they are, I have put the whole project away for the present at least. This summer I am going to be working in the East at the University of Virginia Experimental Farm at Blandy which is not far from Winchester. The prehistoric Corn which Dr. Wissler was kind enough to let me study has proved to be extraordinarily interesting and I have a paper in the press describing it in some detail. Sincerely yours, Edgar Anderson
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer B
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Page 192 and 193: 184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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