3 The New York Years (1931–1953)

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160 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer Fig.4.9. Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes madagascariensis). Discontinuous geographical variation of alternative plumage characters in populations of northeastern Burma (Myanmar) and southwestern China. Rather uniform (stabilized) hybrid populations (3–5) inhabit isolated mountains between the ranges of four well-differentiated geographical subspecies (1 leucocephalus in S and SE China, 2 leucothorax, 6concolor, 7nigrescens, 8psaroides); hybrid populations: 3 stresemanni, 4sinensis, 5ambiens). Plumage characters: Blank– white, shaded–gray, solid–black. Sketches of birds by R.T. Peterson. From Mayr (1941n, 1942e: 83) and Baker, the experts on the birds of this region, but eventually they accepted it. E. Stresemann in Berlin was working on a collection of birds from Sikkim obtained by Ernst Schäfer in 1938–1939, when he received the letter from Mayr (dated 23 May 1940) describing his two sibling species of minivets. Stresemann had already determined Schäfer’s specimens of Pericrocotus as belonging to one species (P. brevirostris) only and answered:
Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies of Birds 161 Fig.4.10. Two sibling species of cuckooshrikes (Campephagidae), the Long-tailed Minivet (Pericrocotus ethologus, left) andtheShort-billedMinivet(P. brevirostris, right) whichare sympatric over a wide range from the Himalayas to western Yunnan. Ernst Mayr (1940e) discovered their distinctness as species. Illustrations of adult males from MacKinnon and Phillipps (2000) “Your data convinced me that I hadn’t noticed anything, which should not have happened! You are a tremendous fellow and have picked unfading laurel with this discovery. I could kick myself to have slept right through. The matter is crystal clear once it is understood. Schäfer collected in Sikkim 27 brevirostris and eight ethologus […], ethologus breeds at 2,750 m, brevirostris in the subtropical zone, between 560 and 1,900 m” (19 June 1940; transl.; see Haffer 1997b: 517 and Stresemann, Ornithologische Monatsberichte 49 (1941): 9–10, footnote). Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies of Birds The collections which Mayr himself assembled in New Guinea and in the Solomon Islands as well as those from the Pacific Ocean, Malay Archipelago, southeastern Asia and other areas which he studied at the AMNH came from many remote and ornithologically poorly known regions of the world. Therefore they contained an unusually large number of unnamed taxa of birds, new subspecies as well as new species, as I repeatedly mentioned above (Fig. 4.11). Among the total of 471 new taxa which Mayr named between 1927 and 1960 (and two nomina nova in 1986) are 26 new species (the description of one additional species was barely anticipated by Japanese authors) and 445 subspecies. Every new form was carefully studied and compared before it was named. If he had any doubts he walked over to John Zimmer, an expert on subspecies differences, who sat only 20 steps away
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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210 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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